托福长难句分类

定语:

1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than atthe Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in someways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space．(定语后置in some ways…)

由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。

7.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be sucha concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time ofgiving birth．

(Of结构作定语：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnantichthyosaurs…)

但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。 10．A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century,including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metalframe and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable ofmyriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness ofsound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance．(介词结构from…to…作定语)

持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。

36．And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual

contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexistedwithin a single building．

(where引导定语从句；what引导的从句作presided over的宾语)

仍然有像金属制造厂一类的工厂，在那里个体承包商管理在同一幢楼里的本质上是手工艺品所有人的工场。41．0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired，Americans turned toforeign sculptors，as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, SouthCarolina，commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues ofWilliam Pitt．

(句子主干是Americans turned to foreign sculptors；两个when都引导定语从句：occasionwhen…，1770's when…；as(in the 1770's)的意思是“正如”)

在少数情况下，当需要一件精美的雕刻品时，就像1770年纽约与南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿城委托英国人约瑟夫·威尔顿制造威廉·皮特的大理石雕像一样，美国人求助于外国人。 44．Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners howmuch they can charge their tenants in rent.

(whereby=by which，引导定语从句，表示手段)

租金管制是借以告诉房主他们可以收取多少租金的系统。

45．They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's，which，combined with California'srapid population growth，pushed housing prices，as well as rents, to record levels．(which引导非限定性定语从句)

它们受到了20世纪70年代通货膨胀的刺激，这次通货膨胀与加利福尼亚人口的迅速增长结合在一起，将房价与租金推到了创纪录的水平。49．In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwesternUnited States，they encountered the ancestors of the modern day Pueblo，Hopi，andZuni peoples．

(when引导定语从句，what引导的从句作moved into的宾语)

16世纪西班牙人进入后来成为美国西南部的地方时，他们遇到了今天皮艾布鲁人、霍比人和株尼人的祖先。50．During the 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than thatpossible with a visible light microscope，while the performance of x-ray microscopesresisted improvement．

(that指代前面的resolution，possible with a visible．1ight microscope作that的定语)

20世纪40年代，电子显微镜通常比可见光显微镜的分辨能力更强，而X光显微镜的表现却没有改进。

5 1．What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes theseconditions seem foolish，harmful or affected．(what引导主语从句；that引导定语从句)

它们所做的就是从这样一个角度来看待熟悉的环境，使这些环境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。52．Satire jars US out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many ofthe values we unquestioningly accept are false．

(out of…into…摆脱…，进入…；that引导的从句many of the values…are false作realization的同位语；we unquestioningly accept作values的定语)

讽刺作品使我们摆脱了自满情绪，并在愉快与震惊之中认识到：许多我们毫无疑问地接受的价值观是错误的。57.Moreover，the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helpsdetermine which bill design is the best．

(句子主干是the degree…helps determine…，从句to which cones are naturallyslightlyopen or tightly closed作degree的定语)

而且球果自然地轻微开口或紧紧关闭的程度有助于确定哪种喙的设计是最好的。63．The acute，growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking placefor some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenthcentury，including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines andnewspapers．

(awareness…was tied to tremendous growth…为句子主干)

公众对一段时间内一直在发生的社会变化敏锐的、不断增强的意识，与19世纪晚期通俗新闻的巨大增长(包括杂志和报纸在数量和发行量上的增长)紧密相连。

68．They made these quilt until the advent of the Revolutionary War in 1775，wheneverything English came to be frowned upon．

(when引导的定语从句修饰1775；flown upon——对…表示不满)

他们一直做这种被子，直到1775年美国来临，当时美国人对英国的任何东西都表示不满。70．In taking up a new life across the Atlantic，the early European settlers of the UnitedStates did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relievedthe tedium of life．

(介词提前的定语从句：with which…，其中which指前面的diversions)

在越过大西洋开始新生活后，美国早期的欧洲移民并没有抛弃他们的祖先传统上借以解闷的消遣。87．Recognizing the power of television's pictures，politicians craft televisual, stagedevents，called pseudo—events，designed to attract media coverage．

(三个过去分词结构staged，called pseudo—events，designed to…都作定语，其中staged修饰events，called pseudo．events与designed to attract media coverage都修饰前面的staged events；craft——制作)

政治家们认识到电视画面的威力，因此精心制作旨在吸引媒体报道的经过故意安排的电视事件(被称为虚构事件)。88．Now，scientists have data from satellites and ground—based observations from

which we know that the auroral brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to thatoccurring in a neon sign．

(介词提前的定语从句：from which，which指前面的data)

如今，科学家们根据来自卫星和陆基观察的数据得知，极光是发光原理类似于霓虹灯的巨大的电流释放。

106．Kindergartens，vacation schools，extracurricular activities，and vocationaleducation and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of

students，many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants．(定语从句many of whom…修饰students)

幼儿园、假期学校、课外活动、职业教育和咨询服务等将公立学校的影响扩大到学生的生活中，而在更大的工业城市中，许多学生都是移民的后代。

主语从句

38．What we today call American folk art was，indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary,

everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of allkinds．and especially for portraits．

(what引导的从句作主语；介词结构(art)of，by，and for…——…所有、所创和所享的(艺术))

我们今天所称的美国民间艺术确实是被普通民众所有、所创和所享的艺术。随着日渐繁荣和不断增加的空闲，这些民众为各种艺术，尤其是肖像艺术创造了一个市场。

5 1．What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes theseconditions seem foolish，harmful or affected．(what引导主语从句；that引导定语从句)

它们所做的就是从这样一个角度来看待熟悉的环境，使这些环境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。91．The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life inthe city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of peopleneeded to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories．

(and连接的并列句；过去分词结构needed to…作large concentrations of people的定语)农业刺激了许多生活在乡村的人去城市寻找新生活，而且使较少的农民有可能养活不断增加的工厂需要用来提供劳动力的集中人群。92．The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to

anthropologists who may ask，for example，why a people chooses to use clay and notcopper when both items are available．

(The different uses…are of interest to anthropologists…为句子主干)

各个社会对这些材料的不同用途是人类学家所感兴趣的，例如这些人类学家或许会问，当两种东西都能够得到时，为什么一个民族会选择使用粘土而不是铜。103．How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness，interest，or sympathy in anygiven conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation，by encouraging ordiscouraging the speaker．

(how a speaker perceives…作主语)

在任何特定的谈话中，讲话者如何看待听众的接纳性、兴趣或同情，能够通过鼓励讲话者或使之泄气而极大地改变他讲话的语调。

状语从句

39．But in the heyday of portrait painting--from the late eighteenth century until the1850’s—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as such aportraitist was called.(as引导方式状语从句)

但是在肖像画的全盛期——从18世纪晚期一直到19世纪50年代——任何一个稍有艺术能力的人都能够成为一个绘画者(人们当时就是这样称呼一个肖像画家的)。99．Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than

successful，the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side，asincreasing business specialization became the order of the day．(as从句，表示伴随情况)

尽管清除定期集市和拍卖的努力不成功，但当不断出现的商业分工成为当时的通例时，常规的经济发展路线还是站在了商人一边。101．As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates，the water vapor risesand is heated by the incubating bird，which adds significant humidity to the incubationenvironment．(as从句)

当聚集在巢底的水蒸发时，水蒸气上升并被正在孵卵的鸟加热，于是为孵化环境增加了较大的湿度。

倒装:

2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is thecountry's impressive population growth．(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)

要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。12．Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，thefilm has never been，in the full sense of the word, silent．

(倒装accustomed though we are…=though we are accustomed…)

虽然我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影叫做“无声电影”，但是就“无声’’这个词的完整意义上说，电影从未真正的无声过。14·Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been agrowing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in aparticular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human well-being．

(倒装coincident with concerns…has been…=…has been coincident with concerns…)

在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时，人们也越来越认识到生物多样化，即一个特定生态系统中物种的数量对地球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性。

21．Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures，as are social classes．(倒装as are social classes) ’

个人主义和社会阶层在民间文化群体中的发展十分薄弱。23．Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economicdiversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture tomanufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits．

(倒装Accompanying that growth was a structural change that…=A structural change…was accompanying that growth)

伴随着这一增长的是一个结构变化，它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳动力从农业到制造业和其他非农业职业的逐渐转化为特征。

24．As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did theroles they played in the home．(倒装so did…)

随着男人和女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格，他们在家中的角色也是如此。

25.Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals，sometimes easilyrecognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous，weird，but always functionalshapes．

(倒装Surrounding the column are…)

围绕着蕊柱的是三个萼片和三个花瓣，有时很容易辨认出来，但经常被扭成华丽、奇特但总是有用的形状。

26．With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economicboom that followed it，young people married and established households earlier andbegan to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression．(倒装than had their predecessors—比较结构的第二部分)

随着二战带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人结婚成家更早，而且养育的家庭比他们的前辈更大。

37．But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to4.5 million in 1900 to 8．4 million in 1920．the number of huge plants like the BaldwinLocomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned，as did the size of the average plant．(倒装结构as did…)

但随着制造业中挣工资的人数从1880年的270万上升到1900年的450万到1920年的840万，像费城的包德温机车工厂这样的大型工厂的数量也大幅增加，同时普通工厂的规模也剧增。46．Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well：that the medium has certain qualities ofbeauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilitiesinto harmony．

(倒装结构Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic principle is implicitin it as well，that引导的句子做principle的同位语)

其中也蕴涵一个美学原则：用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表现力的特性，雕刻家必须使他们自己的审美感与这些特性融为和谐的—体。73．Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast ofCanada in the summer to mate，lay eggs，and rear their young are common murres,Atlantic puffins，black-legged kittiwakes，and northern gannets．

(倒装句：Among the species of seabirds…are…=…are among the species of seabirds…)夏天在加拿大大西洋沿岸迎风的悬崖上交配、产卵并抚育后代的海鸟中有普通海鸦、大西洋海鹦、黑脚三趾鸥和北部塘鹅。

85．Most important，perhaps，was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity amanner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular

landscape artist，Thomas Cole，who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenerybordering the Hudson River．

(倒装句：Most important…was that…=that…was most important)

也许最重要的是，他们都在某种程度上忠实地保持一种与美国第一位流行山水画家托马斯·科尔相一致的技巧和创作方式，后者是以描绘临近哈得逊河的恺特斯基尔山风景而建立其事业的。

．Outside the magnetosphere，blasting toward the Earth is the solar wind，a swiftlymoving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic field．

(倒装句：blasting toward the Earth is the solar wind…=the solar wind…is blastingtoward the Earth)

在磁气圈的外围，太阳风暴——一个有着自身磁场、迅速移动的电离化气团构成的等离子体一极快地袭向地球。

90．Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into larger cities of the United Statesduring the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration，from town and farm tocity，within the United States．

(倒装句：Matching the influx…was a domestic migration…=a domestic migration…was

matching the influx…)

19世纪晚期，与外国移民流入美国较大城市相媲美的，是美国本土移民从小镇和乡村到城市的国内迁移。95．Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of thevalue of nutritional therapies in medicine．

(倒装句Herein lay the beginning=the beginning lay herein，what引导的从句作of的宾语，修饰beginning)

这里面包含了医学中从对营养疗法价值无知到否认其价值这一过程的开端。117．Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple—step tasks isaccomplished in a series—parallel sequence．(倒装句)

同样重要的是一个事实：多步任务是按照系列—平行序列完成的。

118．Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate，or transitional，betweenland mammals and cetaceans． (倒装句)

到最近为止，一直缺乏连接陆地哺乳动物和鲸目动物的明显的中间或过渡化石。

同位语:

3.As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foodsprevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widelypublicized and form the basis for folklore．(同位语从句claims that…)

结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。

4.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior tosynthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，thatuntreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like．(并列同位语从句reports that…，that…，that…)

关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。 5·The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to beundertaken also in the North，though less spectacularly．(同位语从句fact that…)

南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建(尽管不像南方那么引人注目)这一事实显得不太重要。 8.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknownregion and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles inextent，the two captains set out．(同位语从句rumors that…)

当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山，其面积达80英里长50英里宽。就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。

9. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became thechief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano

supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century．(同位语a supremacy)

17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直到18世纪末被钢琴所取代。15.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forestsdoes not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulkof the species．

(同位语从句fact that…；定语从句that comprise the bulk…)

考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。22．People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospectthat unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos．(同位语从句prospect that…)

19世纪的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来社会混乱这一前景而提心吊胆。28．In the railroads' prime years，between 1 0 and 1920，there were a few individualsin the United States，most of them with solid railroading experience behind them，whomade a profession of writing about railroading--works offering the ambience ofstations，yards，and locomotive cabs．

(同位语most of them；定语从句who made a profession of writing)

在10年到1920年间铁路的黄金时期，美国有几个人(他们大多有丰富的铁路经验)以写铁路题材为职业——作品围绕车站、停车场和机车。30．Keen observers and quick learners，they are astute about the intentions of othercreatures，including researchers，and adept at avoiding them．(并列同位语keen observers and quick learners)

乌鸦是敏锐的观察家和快捷的学习者，它们对其他生物(包括研究人员)的意图感觉非常敏锐，并且善于躲开它们。33．It is a lifelong process，a process that starts long before the start of school and onethat should be an integral part of one's entire life．(并列同位语a process that…，and one that…)

教育是一个终生的过程，早在人们上学之前就开始了。它应成为人的一生中不可缺少的一部分。

52．Satire jars US out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many ofthe values we unquestioningly accept are false．

(out of…into…摆脱…，进入…；that引导的从句many of the values…are false作realization的同位语；we unquestioningly accept作values的定语)讽刺作品使我们摆脱了自满情绪，并在愉快与震惊之中认识到：许多我们毫无疑问地接受的价值观是错误的。54．It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus，an irreverent reminderthat they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolishphilosophy．

(that引导的从句作reminder的同位语)

它之所以存在，是因为读者欣赏它使人耳目一新的刺激，它毫不客气地提醒：他们活在一个充满陈腐思想、廉价的道德说教与荒谬哲学的世界里。58.It was she，a Baltimore printer，who published the first official copies of the

Declaration，the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heraldedthe support of all thirteen colonies．

(It was…who为强调句；the first copies为前面the first official copies的同位语)

就是她，一位巴尔的摩的印刷商，出版了《宣言》的最早的官方版本，即包括《宣言》签署者名字并因此预告所有13个殖民地的支持的早期版本。

59.By comparison with these familiar yardsticks，the distances to the galaxies are

incomprehensibly large，but they too are made more manageable by using a timecalibration，in this case the distance that light travels in one year.

与这些熟悉的尺度相比，到太空的距离远得难以理解，但它们也通过使用一个时间的标尺而变得更加容易对付了，在这种情况下是光在一年内走过的距离。60.he primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging andthinly settled a stretch of desert，mountain，and semiarid plain could pay a profit．(that引导的从句作skepticism的同位语)

主要原因是存在一种怀疑主义，人们怀疑途经如此富于挑战性、人口稀疏的大片沙漠、山脉和半干旱平原的一条铁路能否获得利润。 61.The argument that humans，even in prehistoric times，had some number sense，atleast to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less when some objects wereadded to or taken away from a small group，seems fair．for studies have shown that someanimals possess such a sense．

(复合句，主句的主干是the argument…seems fair，其中从句that humans…had somenumber sense做argument的同位语)

人类甚至在史前已经有数字感，至少到有些物体被加到一小组里或者被拿走时能够辨别出“多了”还是“少了”的程度，这一观点似乎很合理，因为研究已经表明有些动物就有这样的意识。66．In fact，throughout the animal kingdom，from sponges to certain types of

worms，shellfish，and all vertebrates(creatures possessing a spinal column), there is

evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only ifthey come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals．(从句that transplants…are accepted…作evidence的同位语)

实际上，从海绵到某些种类的蠕虫、有壳的水生动物和所有的脊椎动物(有脊柱的生物)的整个动物界都有证据表明，进入动物体的细胞或组织片断移植只有在来自基因上相容或关系密切的个体时才被接受。

75．Their distrust was caused，in part，by a national ideology that proclaimed farmingthe greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living·(that引导的从句作ideology的同位语)

他们的这种不信任部分是由一种全民性的思想意识引起的，这种意识宣称耕作是最伟大的职业，乡村生活优于城市生活。

77．The achievements of the colonial artists，particularly those of Copley，West, andPeale，lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging geniusand that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste——a necessary stepbefore art could assume an important role in the new republic．

(The achievements…lent credence to the boast that…and that…为句子主干，两个that引导的两个从句都作boast的同位语)

这些殖民地艺术家的成就，尤其是考伯莱、韦斯特和皮尔的成就，为新国家有能力鼓励天才和政治自由与艺术品味的发展相一致的宣言提供了凭证——这是艺术，在新的共和国里担当重要角色之前所必须经历的一步。81.The warp was always made of willow，and the most commonly used weIt was sedgeroot，a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread．(a woody fiber作sedge root的同位语)

经向篾条总是用柳条做成，使用最多的横向篾条是莎草根，这是一种能够被轻易分成不比线条粗的多股的木质纤维。

97．They are an example of a common theme in evolution，the more or less parallel

development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason--in thiscase，for flight．

(the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function

for the same reason作a common theme in evolution的同位语)

它们例证了进化中的一个常见主题，即不同类型的身体结构和功能为了同一目的 而或多或少地平行发展——在这种情况下，是为了飞行的目的。107．The canopy．the upper level of the trees in the rain forest，holds a plethora ofclimbing mammals of moderately large size，which may includemonkeys，cats，civets，and porcupines．

(同位语the upper level；定语从句which may include…修饰climbing mammals)

树冠层，即雨林中树林的顶部，生活着众多体型较大的爬行哺乳动物，其中可能包括猴子、猫科动物、灵猫和豪猪。

1 14．Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability．

decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of“natural leaders．”

(同位语从句evidence that…)

尽管领袖常被人认为是个人能力非比寻常的人，但是数十年的研究迄今未能提供一致的证据表明存在任何“天然领袖”类型。 宾语从句:

6·The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked anexplosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl．(宾语从句what we now know as)

现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。31．These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable toolnot only of science but also of history，providing flesh insights into the daily lives ofordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented．(宾语从句demonstrate that…；特殊结构otherwise)

这些研究人员已经力图证实他们的工作不仅可以成为科学而且还是历史的宝贵工具，为了解普通人的日常生活提供崭新的观点，否则这些普通人的生存状态不可能被记载得这么好。43．Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, whichwould involve the expenditure of water and energy，desert mammals allow their

temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height，and temperatures as high as46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles．(what引导的从句作rise to的宾语)

沙漠哺乳动物并不试图将体温控制得很低，因为这么做将会涉及水和能量的消耗，而是允许体温上升到平常是高烧的温度——有人在格兰特羚羊身上曾测到高达46摄氏度的体温。49．In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwesternUnited States，they encountered the ancestors of the modern day Pueblo，Hopi，andZuni peoples．

(when引导定语从句，what引导的从句作moved into的宾语)

16世纪西班牙人进入后来成为美国西南部的地方时，他们遇到了今天皮艾布鲁人、霍比人和株尼人的祖先。

56．In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be anarrow field，the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have littleor no documentation．

(what引导的从句作specializing in的宾语)

除了在专攻似乎是一个狭窄领域时不得不成为多面手以外，研究人员还面临着关于原始材料的文献很少或者根本没有这一问题。79．Moreover，in addition to its being a transportation pathway equipped with a

mammoth physical plant of tracks signals，crossings，bridges，and junctions，plustelegraph and telephone lines the railroad nurtured factory complexes，coat

piles。warehouses，and generating stations，forming along its right, of-way what hasaptly been called “the metropolitan corridor” of the American landscape.

(the railroad nurtured factory complexes…为句子主干；what引导的从句作forming的宾语)

而且，铁路除了是装备有庞大的路轨信号厂、十字路口、桥梁、交叉点以及电报和电话线的运输路径外，还产生了联合工厂、服装大楼、仓库和发电站，在它的沿途形成了美国风景中被恰如其分地叫做“都市走廊”的景象。

94．As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health，itbecame tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been noprevious effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy．

(复合句：as从句，主句中的it是形式主语，不定式结构to suggest that…是真正的主语，that引导的宾语从句的主干是every disease and condition…might be responsive tovitamin therapy)

由于维生素被认为是健康必需的食物成分，所以过去无有效疗法的每种疾病和状况都可能会对维生素疗法起反应这一建议变得很有吸引力。 虚拟语气:

11．The largest, later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five

terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and could have housed a population of1，000 or more．(虚拟语气)

最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为Pueblo Bonito(美丽的城镇)，是一个五层梯式楼，有800多问房子，能够容纳1 000人以上。20．If it were not for this faculty，they would devour all the food available in short timeand would probably starve themselves out of existence．(虚拟语气)

如果不是具有这种能力，它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能会因饿死而灭绝。98．Indeed，had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils，they might wellhave been classified as dinosaurs．

(虚拟语气，条件从句had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils省略了if，助动词had提前；正常语序为if it had not been for the superb preservation of these fossils)确实，如果不是这些化石被极好地保存下来，它们也许会被归到恐龙里去。

特殊结构:

13.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in thehands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra，and very often the principal

qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership ofa large personal library of musical pieces．

(特殊结构not…SO much as…——与其说…不如说…)

在好些年内，为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常担任这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏。16.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea，it helps to thinksmall．

(特殊结构it helps to…做…有帮助)

要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助。1 7.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks，but a collection of factscannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house．(特殊结构not any more than像…一样不…)

科学建立在事实上，就像房子用砖砌成一样。但收集的事实不能被叫做科学，就像一堆砖不能被称为房子一样。 18.The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used toperform specific activities．

(从句which side…is used…作corresponds to的宾语两个半球之间的不同与身体的哪一部分用于进行特定的活动是对应的。 19.In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition byauthors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oateshas seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentiallymimetic quality of her fiction．

(特殊结构characterized by…——以…为特征)

尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统(以作家约翰·巴思、唐纳德·巴塞尔姆和托马斯．品钦为代表)为特征的时代，乔伊斯·卡罗尔·欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上模仿的特点，有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派。

29．On the other hand，when it comes to substantive--particularly behavioral-information，crows are less well known than many comparably common species and，forthat matter，not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered California condor，to citeone obvious example．(特殊结构for that matter)

另一方面，当涉及实质性的，特别是行为方面的信息时，乌鸦就不如许多比较而言很普通的鸟类那样为人所知；而且，也不如许多很不寻常的鸟类，举一个明显的例子，如像濒危的加利福尼亚大秃鹫那样为人所知。

32．Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861--1865)a

government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyomingwas caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned．(特殊结构Legend has it that…=There is a legend that…)

传说在内战(1861--1865)快结束的某个时候，一列载着牛群的的火车在穿过怀俄明州东部的北部平原时遇到了暴风雪，因此不得不被遗弃。34．Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionarychallenge as was the genesis of life．

(特殊结构as much…as；倒装as was the genesis of life)

生命从海洋到陆地的过渡可能是一个像生命起源那样的进化挑战。35．In agriculture，the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grainelevators，the cotton presses，the warehouses，and the commodity exchanges thatseemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy againstthem．

(特殊结构marked by；定语从句that seemed…the visible sign…)

在农业上，这一变化的标志是谷物升降机、皮棉打包机厂、货栈和商品交换的出现,对全国的众多农民来说它们是反对农民的大阴谋的明显标志。40．The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial

predecessors was far from a rich one，and in fact，in 1776 sculpture as an art form wasstill in the hands of artisans and craftspeople．

(并列句；特殊结构far from)

新生的美国从其殖民地时期的先辈那里继承的雕塑遗产远远谈不上丰富，而且，实际上在1776年雕塑作为—种艺术形式仍然掌握在手艺人和工匠的手里。42．Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans—originally trained as

stonemasons，carpenters，or cabinetmakers--attacked the medium from which they wereto make their images，and one understands more fully the development of sculpture madein the United States in the late eighteenth century．

(add to this the timidity…=add the timidity…to this为祈使句，相当于一个条件句：if oneadds to this the timidity…)

这个再加上没有受过学校教育的艺人——他们最初是被训练为石匠、木匠或家具木工的——对待他们要制作成雕像的媒介物的胆怯，使人更充分地了解18世纪晚期美国雕刻艺术的发展。47．With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sourcesof inspiration，such as wooden African figures and masks，there arose a new urge forhands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium．(there arose…是一个存在句)

随着世纪之交的手工艺运动和非传统灵感源泉(像非洲形体和面具)的发现，出现了一种亲自实践、亲手制作艺术和与媒介物直接接触的新要求。

48．The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone，but the lesser kestrel roosts and huntsin flocks，possibly SO one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms．(possibly so=possibly so that)

普通红隼单独栖息和狩猎，但较小的红隼群栖群食，很可能因此一只鸟可以从其他鸟那儿了解到在哪儿可以找到成群的昆虫。

55． Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them。nor do ordinarycitizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity．(特殊结构attribute to——赋予，归因于；nor放在句首引起倒装)

军人很少拥有人们在电影中赋予他们的那种理想，普通公民也很少奉献他们的生命为人类无私地服务。62.A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by

humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals，vegetation，ormaterials adversely．

(特殊结构such…as to——如此…以致)

空气污染物的一个有用定义是：一种直接或间接加入到空气里的化合物，其数量足以对人类、动物、植物或物质产生不利影响。．A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry，a technique forobtaining measurements through photographs，which created a drawing showing all thecurves and contours of the prints．(被动语态)

已经使用照相测量法(一种通过照相获得测量数据的技术)对这些脚印进行了一项详细的研究，这种方法产生了一张显示脚印所有曲线和轮廓的照片。

65．Footprints thus provide US not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of earlyhominids，but also with evidence of upright walking that in many ways is clearer than canbe obtained from the analysis of bones．(特殊结构not merely…but also；比较结构)

因此脚印不仅仅为我们提供早期人类软组织的稀有印记，而且为我们提供了直立行走的证据，这些证据在许多方面比骨头分析所提供的证据更清楚。67．In the twenties，jazz became the hottest new thing in dance music, much as ragtimehad at the turn of the century，and as would rhythm and blues in the forties，rock in thefifties，and disco in the seventies．

(特殊结构much as…and as…——就像…以及…一样)

20年代，爵士乐成为舞蹈音乐中最热门的新事物，正如世纪之交流行的拉格泰姆音乐，以及40年代节奏与布鲁斯，50年代摇滚乐，和70年代迪斯科将会流行一样。69．Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canopy of branches,a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everythingelse.

(特殊结构to the exclusion of 除…的存在)

一片红赤杨树紧紧长在一起，枝叶共同编织出一个厚密的树顶，它们能够完全占领一个地方，以致排除几乎任何其他东西的生长。72．The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousness isfrustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist.(特殊结构as…as——像…一样…)

对像意识这样个人化的经历的科学研究令人沮丧，它远非实验心理学家通常的研究工具所能胜任。82.Therefore，if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making upits crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks．(特殊结构may well have been——可能是)

因此，如果地球开始时是太空中一个过热的球体，那么所有组成地壳的岩石都可能是火成的，因此成为所有其他岩石的祖先。100．Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle，but citizens from all over thecolony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and themeetings of the courts of justice．

(特殊结构not only…but；倒装Not only did…)

不仅他们为总督和他的圈子提供服务，而且殖民地各地的公民来首府参加两院和市政会的立法会议以及法庭会议。

105．Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a newemphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important foreconomic and social mobility．(特殊结构combined with——加上)

工业化和经济生活的官僚化，加上重新强调证书和专长，使得学校教育对经济和社会变动性越来越重要。109．Finally，for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits orseeds an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic，since treesthat yield these foods can be sparse．

(特殊结构supplement…with…——以…补充)

最后，对于以水果或种子来补充其昆虫食物的许多小型哺乳动物而言，不能跨越树冠之间的无树问隙可能很成问题，因为生产这些食物的树林可能分布很稀疏。

1 10．Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the

nineteenth century，most of the writing about women conformed to the “great women”theory of history，just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on ” greatmen”

(特殊结构as…——正如)

尽管19世纪搜集了更多关于普通妇女的信息，但是关于妇女的大多数写作都遵循史学中的“伟大女性”理论，正如主流的美国历史较多关注“伟大男性”一样。

111．The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century weremarked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style，characterized bysinuous lines，floral and vegetable motifs，and soft evanescent coloration．(特殊结构marked by…——以…为标志、characterized by…——特征是)

19世纪末与20世纪早期以一种国际新艺术风格的发展为标志，这一艺术风格的特征是：线条弯曲、以花卉和果蔬为主题，颜色柔和飘逸。

1 12．Although its influence continued throughout the mid．1920’s, it was eventually to beovertaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present sincethe turn of the century．

(特殊结构known as…——被称为)

尽管其影响在整个20世纪20年代中期继续存在，但最终还是被世纪之交以来就存在的新的思想流派——功能主义所替代。113．This new design concept，coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles andconventions of the preceding decades，created an entirely new public taste which causedArt Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor．(特殊结构coupled with…——加上)

这一新的设计概念，加上战后对过去数十年风格与传统的强烈反应，产生了一种全新的公众品味，使得新艺术类型的玻璃不再受人欢迎。116．Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than withproviding emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension andconflict among them．

(特殊结构less…than…——较少…较多…)

善于表达的领袖较少注重团体的整体目标，较多注重为团体成员提供情感支持，并尽力减少内部纷争和冲突。

关联结构

27．The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature；furthermore，in its

manifestation of speed and noise，it might be a despoiler of human nature as well．(关联结构could be and was)

铁路可以，事实上也是自然的掠夺者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表现上也可能是人性的掠夺者。53．With spontaneous irreverence，satire rearranges perspectives．scrambles familiarobjects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstractplatitude．

(and连接并列句)

讽刺作品用自然流露的嘲讽态度再设了视角，将熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置于一起，使用个性化语言，而不是抽象的陈词滥调。

71． Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in playbut also thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary tocombine fun with purpose.

(Farm dwellers…not only found it harder to…，but also…felt it necessary to…为句子主干)单独居住的农场居民不仅发现在娱乐中很难找到伴侣，而且，由于来自工作的无休止的要求和压力，他们觉得必须把实用目的与乐趣结合起来。78．The railroad simultaneously stripped the landscape of the natural resources，madevelocity of transport and economy of scale necessary parts of industrial production，andcarried consumer goods to households.

(and连接的并列句；strip…of…——剥夺…的…)

铁路同时剥夺了土地的自然资源，使运输速度和规模经济成为工业生产的必需部分，并将消费品送到各家各户。86．In 15 or 30 seconds．a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped theissue in question，cannot detail the probable causes of the problem，and cannot examinealternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others．

(以and连接的并列句)

在15或30秒的时间里，发言人无法建立形成正在讨论的问题的历史背景；不能 详细阐述问题产生的可能原因；无法仔细审查几种建议以辩论哪一种更可取。96．The flow of industry has passed and left idle the loom in the attic，the soap kettle inthe shed．

(left idle the loom in the attic，the soap kettle in the shed=left the loom in the attic，thesoap kettle in the shed idle，其中idle做the loom…，the soap kettle …等宾语的补语)工业之水已经流过，让织布机闲置在阁楼里，把煮皂壶送进了棚子里。102．The motivation derived from the text，and in the case of singing，the music，incombination with the performer's skills，personality，and ability to create empathy willdetermine the success of artistic，political，or pedagogic communication

(句子主干是the motivation…and…the music…will determine the success…；incombination with…与…相结合)

从剧本里获得的动力，还有(在演唱的情况下的)音乐，与表演者的技巧、个性和引起共鸣的能力相结合，将决定艺术、政治或者教学等交际活动的成功与否。115．Furthermore，although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a singleleader，research suggests that there are typically two different leader ship roles that areheld by different individuals．(复合句)

而且，尽管一般人认为社会团体只有一位领袖，但是研究表明通常存在由不同个体担任的两个不同的领导角色。119．For example，people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as duringwartime—are likely to act aggressively，whereas people who believe that a particular Waror act of aggression is unjust，who think that aggression is never justified，are less likelyto behave aggressively．(whereas结构)

例如，那些认为在战争中侵略是必要的和正当的人更有可能表现出攻击行为，而那些认为具体的侵略战争或行为是不公平的或永远都不正当的人不太可能表现出侵略行为。120．The Whigs were strongest in the towns，cities，and those rural areas that were fullyintegrated into the market economy，whereas Democrats dominated areas ofsemisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically．(whereas结构)

在城镇和那些与市场经济完全接轨的农村地区辉格党的势力最强；而民主党控制经济上孤立而薄弱的贫穷农业地区。74．The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannotscale the sheer rocks，and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty inlanding on narrow ledges to steal eggs.

(The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from…and from为句子主干)在悬崖上筑巢的一大优势是可以避开不能攀登峭壁的狐狸和很难在窄峭的突出岩石上立足来偷鸟卵的渡鸦和其他鸥类。 76．A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin III of Boston，William Byrd of Virginia，and theAliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonistsprivileged to visit their galleries，especially aspiring artists．and established in their

respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted toits encouragement．

(A few art collectors…introduced European art traditions to those colonists…andestablished…the idea…and the need…为句子主干)

几个艺术收藏家，波士顿的詹姆士·鲍德温三世、弗吉尼亚的威廉·白尔德租费城的阿里昂夫妇以及汉密尔顿夫妇将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱负的艺术家们，并在他们各自的社区形成了艺术有价值和需要设立机构以鼓励其发展的观念。

80.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry，using thereeds，grasses，barks，and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sortsand sizes—not only trays，containers，and cooking pots，but hats，boats，fishtraps，baby carriers，and ceremonial objects．(fashion制作)

加利福尼亚北部的美国土著人非常擅长编织工艺，他们用在周围找到的芦苇、野草、树皮和树根来制作各种类型和大小的物件，不仅有盘子、容器和饭锅，还有帽子、小船、鱼钩、婴儿篮和仪式用品。

83· It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism firstappeared--the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter，open competition inplace of social deference and hierarchy，with an attendant rise in social disorder，and theappearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeopleworking with hand tools．

(It was in the cities that the elements…first appeared为强调句；破折号之后的部分是对前面elements一词的具体说明；attendant——伴随的)

正是在城市里，第一次出现了能够与现代资本主义联系起来的因素——代替实物交换的货币与商业文件的使用，以及随着社会混乱的增加，代替社会顺从和阶层的公开竞争，还有使用煤或水力代替用手工工具劳动的手艺人的工厂的出现。

84.The older painters，most of whom were born before 1835，practiced in a mode oftenself-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established inand fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design．(The older painters…practiced in a mode…and were securely established and fosteredby…为句子主干)

老一代画家大多数出生于1835年以前，他们以一种经常是自学的方式和以风景画题材为主的形式作画。这些老画家是由当时美国艺坛上占统治地位的国家设计学院培养出来的，而且他们也在那里确立了自己的地位。104．Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the

happy，by constricted and harsh sound of the angry，and by dull and lethargic qualities ofthe depressed．

(evidence作动词——表现出来)

情感健康能够通过高兴者直爽、悦耳的声音，生气者急促、严厉的声音，和忧郁者沉闷、冷漠的声音而表现出来。