1.
Planning a Paragraph
2. Development by Time
3. Development by Process
4. Development by Space
5. Development by Example and Generalization
6. Development by Comparison and Contrast
7. Development by Cause and Effect
8. Development by Classification
9. Development by Definition
I. 并列关系 Coordinative relation A=B of the same importance/degree, at the same level
1. Sequencing : （Time, space, process） items of equal importance
* so far, earlier, previous(ly), before that, until now, already, formerly
* at present, presently, meanwhile, at this point
* first of all, to begin with, to start with, in the first place, to begin with
* secondly, then, next, in the second place, to continue,
* finally, eventually, afterwards, later, above all, last but not least
2. Reformulation：
* to put it simply, better, rather, that is to say, in other words,
3. Contrast and comparing:
* on the contrary, by comparison, by contrast, in contrast to, on the one
hand…on the other hand, for one thing……for another, some……others……still others;
4. other phrases:
* equally, likewise, similarly, correspondingly, too, in addition , also, again, alternatively,
Example:
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.
Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second, the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and
articles.
II. 递进关系 Progressive relation （degree） A is greater than B.
* furthermore, moreover, what is even more, what is more important
Example
It is often incomplete, and sometimes wrong. Furthermore, they may break from the strict demands of a form to expedite processing of this data to make their customers happy.
Implicit in these two quotations is that size is not a factor in management and control of an army. What is more important is the way the army is organised and structured.
What is even more crucial is that they do not have enough confidence in Singapore's unique advantage of being at the crossroads of Eastern and Western cultures.
III. 转折关系 Adversative Relation Not A, but B.
* but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, in contrast to, unfortunately, in actual fact, …
Example:
You didn't bother me. On the contrary, I like your company.
Errors are generally single, incorrect actions. Exploration, by contrast, is a long series of probes and steps, some of which are keepers and others that must be abandoned.
The thickness shear motions are polarized in two orthogonal planes in this case so that the concept of generalized shear planes is not tested here. Nevertheless, the results provide a benchmark for comparison of profiles with the absence of polarized motions.
Previously it was believed that due to the Archaeopteryx’s (始祖鸟) underdeveloped anatomy, it would not have been able to fly. However, research by the London Natural History Museum into its brain developed and that it had good vision and a good sense of balance — all the requirements for a creature to be able to fly.
IV. 因果关系 Causal Relation（cause-effect）A causes B.
1. To introduce cause:
* be caused by, spark off, give rise to, provoke, generate, bring about, stem
from, arise out of, originate from, result from, enable
* due to, owing to, because of, resulting from, in respect that, By(in) virtue of ; On grounds of
* cause of, reason for, purpose of, with the aim of
* since, for, because
2. to express effect or result:
* hence, thus, consequently, as a consequence, as a result, therefore, that is why, for this reason, eventually, so, finally
* result in, lead to, produce
* the result of, the consequence of
* considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest
Examples
People borrowed more and more money so that they could buy these shares. Because of this, the American people started to believe that share prices could
only go up further.
The accident was caused by the icy conditions and not by any technical defects.
This is done so that they are compatible in the statistical mean with expressions for the axis values of…
We therefore propose a methodological approach on the basis of ISO 14040 “Life Cycle Assessment”.
The result of these calculations will be a balance sheet of mass and energy flows in tabular form.
V. 总分关系 General-specific A includes B.
1. to sum up what has gone before
* in general, on the whole, by and large, in total, as a rule, for the most part, broadly speaking, generally speaking, usually, altogether, overall, thus, obviously
2. to illustrate with examples
* such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these,
those, them), to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking,
Examples:
Women could and did play a part in this process of settlement. Iceland, for instance, was uninhabited, and a permanent population could only be established if women also made the journey there.
On the whole, sharp-cut-off type filters turned out to be more problematic from a numerical point of view and inferior to top-hat-filters…
In total, in nearly every respect, the best a priori test of the model/filter combinations under study was established for model 8…
Obviously, the values of p and q, and consequently the form of the solutions, depend on the value of e, which is related to the material properties.
