非谓语之动词不定式用法详解

动词不定式的用法

一、动词不定式的结构形式 名称 语态 主动 被动 结构形式 （not）to do (not) to be done 时间概念及主被动关系 举例 发生在谓语动作/状态之1. I want to be a teacher. 后或同时发生的主动动作 2. I saw him go out. 发生在谓语动作/状态之The teacher wanted the materials to be typed 后或同时发生的被动动作 soon. 与谓语动作/状态同时发生的动作 发生在谓语动作/状态之前的主动动作 发生在谓语动作/状态之前的被动动作 He happened to be working when the boss came in. 1. I happened to have come across your brother. 2. We planned to have met each other at ten. 1. I’m glad to have been invited to visit your factory. 2. He expects to have been told the truth yesterday. It is a great pleasure to have been working with you. 一般式二、动词不定式充当的句子成分

不定式具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的特性，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。 （一）、作主语：

1、不定式作主语多表示具体的、一次性的动作；动名词作主语多表示经常性的、习惯性的动作。 如：To swim today is a good idea Eating too much is bad for your health.

2、不定式作主语时，常可以用it作形式主语，而将真正的不定式主语后置。但要熟记以下使用动名词作主语的句型：

常用动名词作主语的句型有： a waste of time（浪费） no good/use（没有用处） It is/was + useless/senseless (没有用处) doing….

hardly any good/use（几乎没用） worthwhile（有价值、值得）

no（无法） no sense in（没道理） There is/was + no point/possibility in（没意义） doing….

no good/use in（没用处） nothing worse than（没有比……更糟糕的）

注意：There is no need for sb to do sth.

1

进行式主动 (not) to be doing (not) to have done (not) to have been done 主动 完成式被动 完成进行式主动 (not) to have been doing 在谓语动作/状态之前一直在进行着的动作 高二第二学期模块单元语法整理一 动词不定式复习

2. 一般情况下，不定式作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：To see is to believe. 3. 当主语为不定式时，表语也用不定式来表示一致性。如：To see is to believe. （二）、作宾语

1、 不定式作宾语通常表示具体的、一次性的动作。如：

Tom likes playing football, but he likes to play basketball today.

但需要牢记以下的动词只使用v-ing 为宾语：avoid, miss, delay / postpone, suggest / advise, finish, practice, enjoy/appreciate, imagine, resist, admit, deny, envy, escape / envy, risk, pardon / excuse, keep / keep on, stand, mind;

有些动词后面只能接不定式作宾语,如：

decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, manage, refuse, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help, wait, happen, afford, fail, threaten; 有些动词短语后面也只能接动名词作宾语,如：

lead to, get down to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to，be addicted to, adjust/adapt to, devote to，object to，get to/be used to（习惯于），prefer…to…, can't stand（忍不住），give up，insist on，keep（on），put off，be worth，be/keep busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem（in），feel/look/seem like，set about，depend on，prevent sb. from，succeed in, thank you for, apologize for；

有些动词后面既可以接不定式作宾语，又可以接动名词作宾语，如：continue，begin，start，prefer，like，love，hate，forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try，need, require, want 等。 2、不定式一般不作介词的宾语（但but/other than，except除外）。 如：I have no choice but to accept the fact.

①如果此时谓语动词含有do的各种形式，不定式要省去to. I have done nothing except eat and sleep this week. I couldn't do anything but wait here. ②在下列短语后，but之后只能跟不带to的不定式。

do nothing but 只能 do anything but决不 cannot help but不得不 cannot but禁不住…… cannot choose but只得…… His father could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.

We would do anything but confess(承认)our guilty.我们决不承认有罪。 She couldn't help but laugh at his clothes.她情不自禁地大笑他的着装。 I cannot but admire(钦佩) his courage.

I could not choose but love her.我不禁爱上了她。

3、有少数动词，如find，think，consider，make，feel等接不定式作宾语且其后面有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的不定式宾语后置。 如：I think it better to start off right now.

4、在动词hope, want, plan, expect, intend, mean, promise, wish的过去式之后用不定式的完成式作宾语，表示本来希望或打算做而未做的事，常可以与had + 这些动词ed + to do…结构互换。

如：I hoped to have met you at the airport, but I was too busy. = I had hoped to meet you at the airport, but I was too busy. （三）、作表语

1、不定式作表语表示具体的、一次性的动作。

如：My job today is to water all the flowers in the garden.

2. 注意主语和表语的一致性，当主语为不定式时，表语一般也用不定式：

如： To see is to believe.

注意：如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词中含有do，那么作表语的不定式可以省去to。

如：The only thing he could do was（to）tell the truth.

2

高二第二学期模块单元语法整理一 动词不定式复习

（四）、作定语

1、不定式作定语多表示未来的动作；

2、不定式作定语常常放在它所修饰的词之后；如：There is nothing to worry about.

3、不定式和分词作定语，用来说明被修饰词的动作，与被修饰词之间有逻辑关系（主谓或动宾关系）； 如：the way to do the work，the nurse to take care of the children 4、常用不定式作定语的情况：

(1) 当名词被the first，the last等序数词、形容词最高级或no，all，any等修饰时，常用不定式的一般式作定语，而不管动作是否已经完成。

如：He is the only person to know the truth.

She is always the first to come and the last to leave. He has no right to do it.

(2)不定式常用来修饰表示抽象意义的词，常见的有right（权利），ability，chance，answer, belief, reason, reply，attempt，key，way，moment，time, idea, fact, excuse, promise, 等。

如：Could you at least make an attempt to smile，Jim？（吉姆，你起码试着笑一笑，行吗？）

Do you have the ability to read and write in English？

5. 不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词之间常常构成的几种关系。 （1）逻辑主谓关系：

不定式和它所修饰的名词或代词构成主谓关系。

如：He is the first person to come and the last one to leave. 注意：此时不定式常常用主动形式。 （2）逻辑动宾关系：

不定式和它所修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系。如：He has nothing to do. 注意：

A、此时要求不定式为及物动词（如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面必须有相应的介词，即“不及物动词 + 介词”）；并且不定式常常也用主动形式。

如：He has nothing to do. There is nothing to worry about. The boy cried as he had no children to play games with. There is no room to live in. I haven't a pen to write with. B、不定式修饰名词time，place，way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 如：He had no money and no place to live.（不是no place to live in）

C、这种“动词不定式 + 介词”修饰名词/代词，可以转换成“介词 + 关系代词（which，whom）+ 不定式”。如：Jim had only ten yuan to buy a present with.=Jim had only ten yuan with which to buy a present （3）同位关系：

不定式与被修饰的名词或代词构成同位关系。 如：His wish to become an artist has never come true （五）、作状语

1、不定式多作目的、结果、程度和原因状语。

如：She swept to hear the bad news.

I’m very glad to hear the good news.

He tried his best to arrive there only to find some waste paper. He is old enough to go to school. She is too tired to do the job. 2、不定式作状语（多作目的、结果、程度和原因状语）：

（1）作目的状语（可以放在句首或句中，在句中作目的状语时一般不用逗号隔开）：

He stopped to have a rest.=To have a rest，he stopped.

注意：in order to和so as to后面都可以接不定式作目的状语，但in order to可以放在句首或句中，而

3

高二第二学期模块单元语法整理一 动词不定式复习

so as to则只能放在句中。如：In order to catch the first bus，he got up early.=He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus.

（2）作结果/程度状语： 作结果状语时为意料之外的结果。

不定式作结果/程度状语常见的五种搭配：so...as to do...，such....as to do...，enough（...）to do...，too...to do...（程度状语）；only to do...（结果状语）。

如：Tom was so foolish as to tell lies to the police. It is such a good book for me as to read it three times. He is old enough to go to school. She is too young to go to school. He broke into the room，only to find an empty box.（结果状语，意料之外） （3）作原因状语：

不定式作原因状语与作目的状语的区别在于：前者表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作，而后者后于谓语动词所表示的动作；同时不定式作目的状语时，可以在不定式前面加上in order或so as，而不定式作原因状语时则不能，并且当句中表语为喜怒哀乐的形容词时，其后面才用不定式作原因状语。

如：She swept to obtain sympathy.（作目的状语）

She swept to hear the bad news.（作原因状语） I’m pleased to meet you.（作原因状语）

（六）、作宾语补足语

1、不定式作宾补通常表示将来、经常性动作或动作的完成。

如：Yesterday he asked me to help him. (1）下列动词常接不定式作宾语补足语

①、ask，tell，teach，like，love，want，would like，help，wish，use，show，invite，encourage，attract，get，choose，order，force，permit，allow + sb + to do结构；

②、think, consider, find, feel, suppose, believe, imagine, prove + sb + to be结构；

(consider, find, feel, make + it + adj + to do结构；注意此结构与上面结构不同，此结构中，it作形式宾语，不定式作真正宾语，而不是宾语补足语)

如：I asked him to give me a cup of tea. Peter wanted me to help him.

All of us considered him to be a good friend. He imagined himself to be a scientist.

I found it easy to answer the question. We consider it a waste of time to go on with the project. 特别注意：hope, agree, demand, suggest等词没有宾语补足语。

2、“不定式的主动式”作宾语补足语时，表示宾语和宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的“主动关系”；“不定式的被动式”作宾语补足语时，表示宾语和宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的“被动关系”。

如：I asked him to go out.

He will be seen to be punished tomorrow. He was seen to have finished doing it.

3、“不定式的一般式”作宾语补足语表示“将发生”或“与谓语动词全过程同时，“不定式的完成式”作宾语补足语表示“比谓语动词早”。

如：I asked him to go out.（将发生）

He was said to have gone.（比谓语早） I saw him go out.（同时，全过程）

注意：

1.感官动词see，look at, observe，watch，notice; hear, listen to; feel后面可以接四种形式作宾语补足语，以see为例。

（1）see + 宾语 + do （看见……做了……）

（2）see + 宾语 + doing （看见……正在做……） （3）see + 宾语 + done （看见……被做）

（4）see + 宾语 + being done （看见……正在被做） 以上感官动词既可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语（变被动语态时必须带上to），又可以接现在分词

4

高二第二学期模块单元语法整理一 动词不定式复习

作宾语补足语（主动式和被动式均可），还可以接过去分词作宾语补足语。接不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程或已经完成，接现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，接过去分词做宾语补足语表示一个被动动作。

如：Just then he heard someone sing in the next room.（就在那时，他听见有人在隔壁屋子里唱了歌。用省去to的不定式sing，表示唱了歌）---- Just then someone was heard to sing in the next room.

Just then he heard someone singing in the next room. （就在那时，他听见有人在隔壁屋子里唱歌。用现在分词singing，表示正在唱歌）

I’d like to see the plan carried out soon. (表示一个被动动作)

I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.（表示一个正在进行的被动动作）

2. 使役动词make, let ,have, get的宾语补足语时，情况各不相同： （1）let + 宾语 + do （让……做……） let + 宾语 + be done （让……被做） （let后面不用现在分词作宾语补足语）

如：Don’t let your children play with matches. Let the work be done immediately. （2）make + 宾语 + do （让……做……） make + 宾语 + done （让……被做）

如：He often made us copy the text. I tried to make me understood by my gestures. （make后面不用现在分词作宾语补足语） （3）have + 宾语 + do （让……做……）

have + 宾语 + doing （让……持续地做……） have + 宾语 + done （让……被做）

(have + 宾语 + doing结构用于否定句中表示“容忍”) 如：Mother had me go to the shop and bought some salt. He has me moving towards the door. I’ll have my bike repaired tomorrow. I won’t have you speaking to your mother like that. （4）get + 宾语 + to do （让……做……）

get + 宾语 + doing （让……开始做……） get + 宾语 + done （让……被做） (get后面接带to的不定式作宾语补足语)

如：Mother got me to go to the shop and bought some salt. He gets me moving towards the door. I’ll get my bike repaired tomorrow.

以上使役动词既可接不带to的不定式（get除外）作宾语补足语（变被动语态时必须带上to），又可以接现在分词作宾语补足语（let, make除外），还可以接过去分词作宾语补足语。接不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程或已经完成，接现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，接过去分词做宾语补足语表示一个被动动作。

如：He often made us copy the text.----We were often made to copy the text.

3. advise，allow，permit，forbid等动词的后面接动名词作宾语，但有名词或代词作宾语时，接不定式作宾语补足语，注意他们的被动式结构。

如：The doctor advised taking a week's rest. The doctor advised us to take a week's rest.----We were advised to take a week's rest.

4、宾语补足语与主语补足语：

含不定式作宾语补足语的句子变成被动语态时，充当宾语补足语的不定式变成了主语补足语。

如：I asked him to do it.----He was asked to do it. He let me do it.----I was let to do it. I heard him sing this song last night.----He was heard to sing this song last night.

含分词作宾语补足语的句子变成被动语态时，充当宾语补足语的分词变成了主语补足语。如：The missing boy was last seen playing near the river. （作主语补足语） The soldier's wound was left exposed. （作

5

高二第二学期模块单元语法整理一 动词不定式复习

主语补足语）

5. leave后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语的四种结构： leave sb doing sth 让某人一直做某事

leave sth undone/unfinished 留下某事未做 leave sb to do sth 留下某人做某事 leave sth to be done 留下某事要做

如：It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.

The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious. He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.

We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.

三、动词不定式的其他结构及用法

1. 不定式的复合结构 （1）、结构及用法：

一般说来，不定式动作的执行者为句子的主语，但有时不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，这时必须使用不定式的复合结构：“for/of + 名词/代词 + to do”，这一结构在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语等。

如：For him to get there on time is possible.

I found it hard for them to finish the work in such a short time. Their hope is for Mary to live with them.

There will be a lot of difficulties for them to overcome. The poem is too hard for me to understand. （2）、“It is + 形容词 + for/of sb. to do sth.”结构中for和of的判定：

在这种结构中，如果作表语的形容词能够说明sb的品格、品质时用of.，否则用for.

如：It is kind of you to do it. It is easy for him to do it. 2. 不定式的几种常见结构 （1）be + 不定式结构

“be + 不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况： ①、表示命令和指示

The room is to be locked. 这房间要上锁。 You are not to stand here. 你不能站在这里。 ②、表示计划或安排

We are to begin the work next month. 我们安排下一个月开始这项工作。 What's to be done next 下一步该怎么办？ （2）疑问词 + 不定式结构

疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why后加动词不定式构成不定式短语，它在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。

I don't know whether to go to the meeting or not. 我不知道要不要去开会。

The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown by the passengers. 问题是如何处理乘客们丢弃的垃圾。 When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet. 何时参观故宫博物院还没有决定。 （3）不定式

动词不定式to do通常是不拆开的，但偶尔也可在不定式符号to和动词原形之间插入一个副词，构成不定式。

He was too ill to completely carry out that program. 他病得太重，不能完成那个项目。 He has made up his mind to once more try this method. 他已经下定决心再试试这个方法。 （4）用作成分的不定式

有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。 To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest.

6

高二第二学期模块单元语法整理一 动词不定式复习

说老实话，我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。

To be frank, I don't agree with what you said. 坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。 3. 不定式的省略 （1）省to的情况

①、在口语中，动词原形come和 go后可接不带to的不定式。 Go tell her. 去告诉她吧。

Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。

②、在why引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。 Why make so much noise 为什么发出这么大的噪音？ Why not join us 为什么不加入我们？

③、在had better, had best, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner, would sooner...than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。在以下固定结构中也常常省去to，如：leave go 放开，make do 凑合，hear tell/say 听说，let drop/fall 故意说出，let fly 放飞、发射、对……大发脾气，let go 放开，go hang 不管，make believe 假装等

You'd better listen to your teacher's opinion. 你最好听一听老师的意见。 We had best call for the doctor at once. 我们最好马上就请医生来。

She can't do anything but ask silly questions. 她一直在问一些愚蠢的问题。

Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 他宁愿骑自行车，也不愿挤公共汽车。 He cannot but move to another street, because his building has to be pulled down soon. 他不得不搬到另一条街上去，因为他住的大楼很快就要被推倒。

We cannot help but admire his courage. 我们情不自禁地钦佩他的勇气

④、如不定式前有行为动词do，那么在表语从句中的不定式和介词except或but/other than之后的不定式可不带to。

The only thing I could do was go home. 我能做的唯一一件事就是回家。

They could do nothing but/other than wait for the doctor to come. 他们只能等待医生的到来。 ⑤、在两个动词不定式并列使用时，为了避免重复，第二个不定式符号to可省略。 The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry. 这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。

Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 200 p.m. 你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？ ⑥、在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice以及使役动词make, let, have等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to（变成被动语态时必须带to）。

She watched the children cross the street. 她看着孩子们穿过了马路。

They made the boy apologize to his friend for being so rude. 他们让那男孩因他的粗鲁而向他的朋友道歉。 Don't forget to have him come earlier. 别忘了让他早点儿来。 （2）省do的情况

为了避免重复上文中出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号to来代替上文中出现过的不定式结构。 ①、在助动词或情态动词之后，如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等。 She must go but you don't have to. 她必须走，但你没有必要。

---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor 你认为我应该去看医生吗？ ---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的，我想你应该去。

②、在want, decide,（would）like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等动词之后。 You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。 ---Did you go to see the Great Wall 你游览长城了吗？

---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本来想去的，但我太忙了。

③、在做宾语补足语的ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等动词之后。 Don't do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。

7

高二第二学期模块单元语法整理一 动词不定式复习

---May I use your car 我可以用你的汽车吗？ ---No, I forbid you to. 不，我禁止你使用。

④、在对话的答语中的happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等形容词之后。 ---Will you lend me a hand 你能帮我一个忙吗？

---I'm willing to, but I can't now. 我很愿意，但现在不行。

---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow 明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗？ ---I'll be glad to. 我很乐意。 提示：

如果动词不定式是to be或to have，则一般不省。 --- Did you finish the work 你的工作完成了吗？

--- No, but I hoped to have. 没有，但我希望已经完成了。 4. 不定式符号to和介词to

to既可以是不定式符号，后接动词原形；to也可以是介词，后接名词或动词的-ing形式。英语中有很多常用短语带有to，我们要正确判断to是不定式符号还是介词，千万不可混淆。 （1）不定式符号to

He made it a rule to read English aloud for half an hour every morning. 他坚持每天早晨朗读半小时英语。 These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match. 这几个小伙子极想去看足球赛。 （2）介词to

If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear. 如果你坚持真理，就没有什么可害怕的。 You must get used to getting up early. 你必须习惯早起。

Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers 难道还没到你定下心来阅卷的时间吗？ 5. 下列结构中常用不定式作主语补足语：

sb be said/reported/believed/found/known/considered/thought + to do/to be done/to have done/to have been done

如：He is said to have gone abroad. = It is said that he has gone abroad. Heat is considered to be a form of energy.

非谓语动词随堂练习

I用括号内所给动词的ing或to do形式填空。

1．My intention was （provide）offers to the orphans. 2．What he does in his spare time is （watch）TV. 3．It is funny （ride）a donkey.

4． （live）far from school shouldn’t be an excuse for being late. 5． （be）an astronaut is his dream.

6．It was difficult （pass）the driving test. II用括号内所给动词的ing或to do形式填空。

1．I am leaving for Africa tomorrow. I regret （say）goodbye to you.

2．I regret （tell）him of his fathers death. I should have kept it a secret for at least one week. 3．---Did you remember （turn）off the light when you left？ ---I remember （turn）them off. Don’t worry. 4．The school doesn’t allow （smoke）in the offices.

5．The park forbids visitors （walk）over the lawns（草坪） 6．Water requires （boil）before being drunk.

7．Those people risked （climb）over the high and steep mountain.

8．They tried （do）the experiment a second time after their first failure. Though they tried （carry） it out carefully，they failed again.

9．She pretended （leave）immediately.

8

高二第二学期模块单元语法整理一 动词不定式复习

10．The thief escaped （catch）the police. III用括号内所给动词的ing或to do形式填空。

1．The kids were very （frighten）when they saw the big man. 2．His answer to the question was still very （confuse）.

3．Every one was greatly （shock）by the news that their old friend died of cancer. 4．The river running through the city is （pollute）.

5．The suggestion that he be sent away from school was really （surprise）. 6．Seeing a movie in a car （relax）.

IV用括号内所给动词的ing或to do形式填空。 1．He is seen （go）by the post office everyday. 2．Don’t keep the water （run）all the time.

3．The walkers stopped to watch the bicycle riders （race）along the road. 4．The villagers always forbid outsiders （cut）down their trees in their area 5．The hurricane last night had the city greatly （damage）. 6．I went to have my hair （do）up yesterday.

7．We heard something （fall）to the ground in the next room. 8．The child was made （cook）for himself. 9．Do you hear something （fly） overhead？

10．The king had his tomb （build）before his death. V用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。 1．I have letters （write）.

2．He hopes （interview）by the general manager. 3．---Can I have something （drink）？

---Sorry，this restaurant doesn’t offer anything （drink）. 4．He is the second man （kill）next time.

5．We want the project （design）and （carry）out by ourselves.

6．He wants （tell）how his father had died in that accident. We want you （tell）him about it. VI用括号中所给to do形式的正确形式填空。 1．Nobody knows where （find）him.

2．Her face is red. She seems （to do）something wrong.

3．Look at her husband’s clothes. She seems （to live）a bitter life with her husband. 4．I wish （to tell）her of the news. Why didn’t I do so then？

5．I wish （to work）with the great scientist now. If so，I must have learned a lot from her. 6．He didn’t allow anybody （to leave）.

答案：I：1.to provide 2.watching 3.to ride 4.Living 5.To be 6.to pass II：1.to say 2.telling 3.to turn；turning 4.smoking 5.to walk 6.boiling/to be boiled 7.climbing 8.doing；

to carry 9.to leave 10.being caught

III：1.frightened 2.confusing 3.shocked 4.polluted 5.surprising 6.relaxing

IV：1.to go 2.running 3.racing 4.to cut 5.damaged 6.done 7.fall 8.to cook 9.flying 10.built V：1.to write 2.to be interviewed 3.to drink；to be drunk 4.to be killed 5.to be designed；（to be）carried

6.to be told；to tell

VI：1.to find 2.to have done 3.to be living 4.to have told 5.to be working 6.to leave

9