从接受美学观点看翻译中译者的作用
姓名:吴驰申请学位级别:硕士专业:英语语言文学指导教师:黄振定
20050501
中文摘要翻译是人类进化史上最复杂的活动之一,它是原作者、原文、原文读者、译者和译文读者之间动态作用的统~体。伴随着翻译实践的发展,翻译研究已经有了几千年的历史。从最初的只言片语式的经验之谈到现在层出不穷的各种翻译观点,人们对翻译活动这一认识越来越深刻,研究的范围也越来越广,并且翻译学作为一门学科的观点也逐渐为人们所接受。但是,纵观中西翻译史,传统的翻译研究在“对等”、“忠实”观念的束缚下,着重于语言层面的转换分析,是一种静态的文本研究,几乎完全忽视了翻译活动中译者的重要作用。然而真正系统的对翻译活动中译者的主体性研究却是出现在上世纪末,在翻译研究的文化转向中,译者在翻译过程中的能动性作用逐渐凸显。对于如此复杂多变的翻译活动,我们可以从不同的角度对其过程中译者的作用加以专门的研究。因此,本文主要以接受美学理论为依据,探讨了翻译过程中译者的作用。全文共分为四大章。众所周知,接受美学理论是20世纪60年代以姚斯和伊塞尔为代表的康斯坦次学派提出来的,它基于阐释学和现象学,完成了文学研究的中心以文本到读者的转变,完善了对“作者一作品一读者”体系的研究。因此,第一章主要介绍了接受理论的基本概念以及翻译过程中的接受美学观。按照接受理论的观点,翻译过程中译者面临两次接受过程,第一次接受过程是译者本身与原作之间的交流,译文读者与译文的交流和对话是第二次接受活动,这只有在翻译完成之后才能实现。但是译者在翻译过程中必须考虑读者的存在,预测读者的接受水平和审美情趣。因为翻译的最终目的是给读者阅读,让读者接受。因此,在整个翻译过程中,译者的作用是明显的,他不仅充当原作的特殊读者,而且还要考虑目的语读者以及关注他们的需求以及接受能力。有关翻译与译者之间的关系在第二章中得到论述。由于中西翻译实践都是从宗教作品的翻译开始的,出于对宗教作品的敬仰,从一开始翻译理论就强调对原文的绝对忠实。这就将原文以及原文作者推到了至高无上的地位,从而忽略了译者在翻译过程中的重要作用,译者被形象地比喻为仆人,影子或叛逆者。近代翻译理论运用语言学研究的新成果,对原文文本与译文文本之间的转换进行了精密的分析与描述,但还是几乎不考虑译者的作用。而机器翻译的不尽人意使人们意识到译者的作用是不可替代的。接受美学理论强调读者的主观能动性,而译者作为原作的第一读者,必然会受到他自身阅读经验,先在知识的影响。因此在第三章中,笔者具体分析了构成译者理解活动的三大因素,即译者不同的文化观,译者的文学能力以及译者的审美综合能力,并通过对具体的例子分析,详细论述了上述各因素分别对译者理解原作的影响。然而,尽管译者有一定的理解原文的权利,但还是对原文进行理解,必然受原文的制约,并不是说他町以随意理解。所以第四章论述了译者理解原作的局限性。译者的解读权利受到原文文本、上下文语境以及特别是对译语读者的考虑这些因素所影响。因此,译者解读并不是天马行空的自由发挥。在结论部分,文章再一一次强调在翻译过程中译者作用不能被忽视。尽管接受美学理沦充分体现了读者的主观能动性,并且极其强调了读者在整个翻译过程中的重要地位,但是我们也不能忽略译者这位特殊读者的重要性及其重要作用。关键词:接受理论,译者,美学,解读活动,理解活动ⅡAbstractTranslationisprobablythemostcomplext),peofeVentinthehistoryofthecosmos.Itisanintegratedmanifestaionofthedynamicimeractionsourcebet、veentheauthor,thelanguagetext(SLT),meTLTS【Treader,mewimme仃anslator,metargetlanguagetext(TLT)andreader~onglongdevelopmentoftransla“onprac“ce,translationstudyhasalsoexperiencedahistoryofthousandsofyearsbominChinaandintheW宅stHistorically'thetraditionaltransIationanalysisoflinguisticsstudyfocusedmainbandputonthet啪sfbnnationtheprincipleof“faithfuInesstotheo“ginar’onthefirstplace.1nthestatIctext·centeredstudies,theimportanceofthetranslatorIlasbeenalmostcompletelyneglected.ThesystematicstudyoflastcentuIythe打anslator印pearedattheendofThecuituraln啪of缸nslaCionstudyhasbnoughtthetranslationinitiativesubjectiVitytosurfaceinwhichthe仃anslatoristhemostansubjec““tyintranslatingprocess.TraIlslation,sucheventwithitsmultiplephases,canbelookedat疗omdi髓rentangles.Thispaperwhichhasf-ourchaptersmamlydiscussestheroleofthe虹anslatorintranslationAsisonthebasisofReceptionAest}崛tics.tobownaU,Recepti傩Aesthet汛oronReceptionTheoryIseras印pearedinl960swithHansRobertJaussandWbI龟angtwoofitsrepresentatives.ItisbasedtheHermeneuticsandPhenomen0109yandcompletesmetransfIerofthecenteroftheJitef甜ystudy自omthetexttomereaders,aIldperf色ctsthestudyoftheprocessofauthor_text—readersystem.Thus,ch印terAestheticsandonemainlyin仃oducestlletheoryofReceptiontohis印plicationin仃觚slation.AccordingReceptionTheory,thetranslatorwillcon厅onttwoprocessesofreception,oneistheprocessofthecommunicationbenⅣeenⅡletmnslatorandtheoriginaltextandt11eomerref矗stothepfocesSofthecommunicationbetweenmereaderaIldverslons.Thelattercanberealized皿onlv世ermetransIationhasbeen矗nished.ButthetraⅡslatofmustminkabouttllereaders.andanticipatemereaders’receptivityaIldaestlleticstandardsbecausethepurposeofhistranslationistomakemereadersaccepthisversion.Inthewholeprocess,theimportanceof仃anslatorisobvious.Heasanotonlyactsreaderoftheoriginalbutalsoshouldconsidermetargetreadersandpaymoreattentiontotllereader’sdemandsandmeirrec印tivity.Therclationshipbetweenthe仃anslatorandthetmnslationistalkedaboutinchaptertwo.Ihditionally;bothinChinaandinthewest,translatingpracticestartswithme仃anslatingofrel培iousworks.Becauseofthesacrednessofreligiousworks,absolutefaithfuInesstotheSLl’isrequired.Theo姆nalauthorandthesLTareregardedasmeauthenticisjudge.Therefore,tlleroleofthetraIlslatorwassomewhatneglected.HefigurativelydescribedasseⅣaIlt,shadow,ortraitor,TheachieVementsoftoaIlalyzemodemlinguisticsare叩pliedintraIlslationstudyaccuratelythe仃ansferbetweenmesourceanddescribelanguageandthetargetlaIlguage,butpaylittleattentiontotheroleofmetranslatorHowever,theinadequacyofmachinetransIationproVesthattheroleofthe扛anslatorisnotreplaceable.ReceptionAesftleticsstressesreader.Buta丘'ectedasontheacdVepartlcipationof£hemefirstreaderoftheoriginaltext,thetranslatormustbehisbyreadingexpel‘ienceandpre—knowiedgewiththeunderstandingtomeoriginalteXt.Thus,chapterthreespeciallyanalyzesmethreeconstituentsofthetraIlsIator’sunderstandingactivitles:thetranslator’sdiH’erentcultureconcept,thetranslator’sliterarycompetenceaIldtranslator’saestheticcomprehension.Byusingmeconcreteexamples,uleauthorexplainshowaffectedbythesefactorsatranslator’sunderstandingactivitieswillberespectivelyhasHowever,thou曲t王1e打ansla幻rhecaImottranslateitce妇jnrightStointe巾rettheSLl:casuallyfortheboundsandlimitsoftheoriginaltext.So,chapterfourdiscussesmelim打oft11e的nsIatof’sm汜币re£adonⅣThep印efdiscussesmephenomenathatthetranslator’sinterpretationwmbeaf!【bctedbythecontextandtextoft11eoriginal,andthefactoroftheconsiderationforthereadershipespeciallyandgivesthedetailedexamples.Inconclusion.themesisstatesthattheroleofthe打anslatorin仃anslationisnotneglected.AIthoughReceptionAestheticsoveremphasizesmestatusofthereadeLweaIsomustimDortanceofmetranslatorKeyWords:ReceptionAesthetics,aesthetics,translator,interpretation,understalldingacti“tIesVrealizemeIntroductionTr孤slation,asabridgeacrossthediveIgenceSofdif£brentculturesforoftlleworld,involvespracnccinabetterunderstalldingamongpe叩lesnumberofandinmeareasandspecialsHHs.Theac虹vityoftranslationbothinChinaaWbsthaslonghistoryofabout2000years.111ee盯liesttranslationfoundiIlChinaisthat0ftheBuddhistscriptures.InthethctranslationofGreekdassicsisidcntifiedasWbst,thebeginningoftr姐slationactiVity柚dlateristhetr柚slationoftheanBible舶mHebrcw:IntheproccssandiIltcrferesinacHVities.ButthepoSitionof也eoftranslating,imerpreterplaysimportantroletr锄slationwithhisorhersubjectiVetfanslatoriIltheoryismuchlessimponantthanthatinpractice.Manytheories(suchas,mosewhicharebasedontext-orientedorreader-orientcd)holdthatthetranslat叫’sroleiscontrarytomese-theories,thef奴ed赫dmadeimport加tinvisible.B哦_iIlreal啵ther01eoftr锄slatoristoca矗notbestressne酎ectedimpon蛐ceintheprocessoftranslaling.Thisthesisofthetr粗slator丘omtheViewofRecep廿∞AesthelicsTheorywhichgreaⅡyer印h捌zestheorreader.ReceptionTheorywasdevelopedbysomeReceptionAesmeticsscholarsattheUniversityofandeanyConst孤ceinGe加孤yduringmelate1960sIser1970s诚thHaIlsR()bensweptJauss锄dWbl垮angmewrholeas俩o0fitsreprescntatiVes,姐ds00nacrossEur叩e锄alldAmer池mliter栅e印pliedtocirdes.MaIlypeoplethiIll【thatReceptionAestheticsc锄betr锄slation.Inviewofthistheo珊alite删呵workisprimarily1destinedfortheaddressee;likewiseatrallslationisdesignedforacertainkindofreaders。Inthetrian91eoftheoriginaltext,£hetfallslationandthereader,amongwhichthelastoneisnotpassiveaIldunimponaIlt.Ifnot,thetfanslationissenselessandcouldnotplayther01eandthereadeLThistheorycentersonofbridgillgtheautllortheconversationbetweenthereaderandthetext,emphasizingthemeaningofthetargettextwhichcomes盘Dmtwoparts:oneismetext“selfaIldtheotheristhatbeinggiVenbythereader.TheReceptionTheorystrcssesmoretllethanthatofimport翘ceofthereaderst啪slator-AccordingtoReception皿eo砩“thetr蛆slatof丽lIpfocessesofreception:oneistheprocesSofcommunicationcon丘ont觚obetweenmetranslator孤dtheoriginaltext,船dtheotllerreferstotheproccssofthecommunicationbe锕eenthereaderandthctargettext.”(PengJu柚,2002:I)Inthefi憋tprocess,tllet删nslatorinterpretsnotonlythe阱培illalacceptstlleortextwimhisownpre—understallding.So,metr蚰slatororigillalherauthor锄d£extasthereaderbutatthesametimepossesseshismeallsthatthetfanslator’sasdwnsubjectivities,’wllichusuaIunderstandingtotheoriginaltextis甜bctedbysuchfactorSmedi雎rentbeliefs,outlooksand1【Ilowle电e.7功esecondprocesscanbefealized011lyafteTnletranslatio玎hasbeenfinjsbed.2Chapter0咀eRecep廿OnAestheticsin1[hnslatiOnInthepasttrallsla廿onhiStof)r,theauthoraIldthetextsacredandinVi01a_blebutthetranslatorandthercaderpassiveandunimponantstudies,Ⅱleareregardedregardedasareasreceptors.Withthedevelopmentoftranslationtheoriestendencythatauthor_centered加dtext-centercdtheoriesdominateandthetraIlslatortr妯slationarestIldiesisdeclininginsteadmatofthereaderreceivedmoIeandmoreattentions仃omtranslationscholalls.AndmeGermanAestheticsofReceptioncomesintobeingatthattime.1.1TheTheoryofReceptionAesthe吐csReceptionAestheticsisappearedin1960swithHallsrepresentatives.TheakindofartisticaesthcticschoolwhlchR0bert锄dWblfg{u培Iseras柳oofitsfoundationisb弱ictheoryHemeneuticstheandonPhenomenolo弘neh卸d,itotherfeatIlresofRec印tionareAesthetics唧nlat:onconsiderstheliterarytextsrealiZedinreadcr’sreadi】唱;ontheh卸d,itregardsmelit钳attlferec印tionillpeIspcctiVeoftheliteratllrediscllssiIlgtheconstaIltchangesofthehisto珊especiallyHtera眦initsdi£ferenthistoricalstages.RIeceptionunderst00dasAestheti岱viewsthat“‘Thelitcl.aryworkmustbeacreatillgdialogIle’be咐eenthetextandtheasreader(J孤ss).Here‘The1iterar),workmustbeunderStoodreadillgisdonelhrol培hthedialogIIecreatillgadialogue’meansthetext·TllebeMeenⅡ1efeader姐d3eventofunderstandiIlgisseeninte衄sofme‘horizon’(Gad锄er)orthebyGadamer‘pre—understanding’(Heidejgger)ofthetheactofreading,understandingiswDIkandlhatoftbereader,nlusas‘ades嘶bedftlsionofhorizons’.77(YuJianqing,2001:7—19)ScholarsofReceptionAesmeticsreaderisneitheressentialnorareagaillsttheopinionthattheimportantfactormthewholesystemof“author-text·reader,’.onthecontrary,f而mitsbaSicmeaning,磕elitefafywordsaredeemedtobeproducedforthercader.11leyinsisttllatthereaderistheactiVethemse】VeSprinIciplepartiIlliteraryactivities.Jausssays:“Readersarea】【indofbothhistoricalandcreativepawer.Thehistoriclivesofliteraryworkscannotbech如gedwithouttheact:beparticipationandinterl’efenceofreceptors.Becauseonlythroughthepmcessofthereader’sreading,theyc吼entefintoacenainconstaIltch弛ge0feXperiencedhorizons".∞uJinZhj,wangYuechuall,1994:338).IIlwo出sdono£mealltheobje&ivetheyarehi8opillion,li沁ral’ytoexistencewi出ou£rela£主onread.ers.Insteadeagertobereadbyreadersandbecommunicatedwimreaders.FromtheviewpointofReceptionAesthetics,theaestheticvalueof1itefa巧worksisnotreader’sexperienceofdbjectivebutco加ectingwiththeValue.田ms,the1iteraryworksmustawaketllepastareadingmemoriesofreadersaIldleadmemtoparticularexperienceforevo】(ingmeirexpectations.Soread目scorrespondentlymakereactionsiIltheseexpectationssuchasarousing,chaIlgiIlgandrealizing.a‘‘缸a秘oss勘ngllageactivity,毫fansl旋on,白St0f枷,fequirestranslatortotrallslatorasalulderst锄dthesourcetext.1沁a砒瞎也easourcetext,thetext,readermustfirstofall,opendialogue丽ththesource4inwhich,asrec印tiontheoristshold,hehastodraw丘omsourcchistextpre—underst髓ding,aIld时toandgofllsehishorizonwi恤thatinthemrouglldif£erentiatioⅡofhorizon.In拄a璐latillg,morcover,thetr锄slatorstillneedstoconsiderhista娼etreader,shorizon,whichisInorei11VolVedinano戗lerprocessofreadingandisf!irstcomplicatedthantheone.”(YuFengping,2004:29~30)1.2’I融ePmcessofmmnslation①What’sthetraIlslation?Mostofpeople谢UnotdoubtmissiInplequestion.Inmeiropinions,trallslationmeans扛anslatingtheorigiIlaltextjustlikeFigure1shows:“InFigure1,pe叩1ethinkthatthebasesTextistheor蛐altextthat也eis,thetr锄slalionon,锄dmetafgettextisthe扛anslatedwo瓜nattargettextisreproducedfromthcTbxtdirectly.Sotheactivepanicipationoftheoftranslation.Intafgcttextpe叩lealwaysncglecttmnslator龃daree弱ytoidealizethepmcesstr蛐slation,the打翘shtortowilltryhisbesttomaketheequaltheoriginalone,缸dsuchconceptjustl溉‘equivalence’,‘faithfulness,exprcssivencss,掣aceflIlness’印pe盯sinthetranslationtheories.So。the仃anslatorsometimesfeelsembarrassedf(1rhisattendingtoonemingbutlosingano廿lerintheproccssoftr弛slation."mypaper,the④In1.2and1.3ofcontentsideasofFigure1,Figure2andFigure3andtheoftheirrespectiveanaIyses8re姐inlyquotedfro衄t们thesis:“文学翻译的接受美学观”wfittenbyMaxiaoinchineseTranslationJournal(2000(2):47—49);LhB札stet恤ensLossofcUitUfailnfomtioninTranshtion—anapjproac矗ofAeception^es拍effcswrittenbyPengjuan(2002:3—6).5“But,iIlfact,ifwethinkabouttheprocessoftranslationcarefLIuy,wewin五ndoutmatthe‘origina】text’thetmnslatorbasesoriginalprocessonisnotthefealtext(11ext)b砒theofmeteXtpmducedinthetranslator’sbrailliIlmeTbxt,andastrallslator名communicatingw矗hmeitiSappro】【imatetotheshows:Text.”wecoulduseTextXtosbow,justFigI】∞2(Figure2)FromRgllre2,“llletargcltextobviouslycomes自DmTextXdirectlyinstead0fthe11ext(o啦姬a1).Thatistosay,theTextxistheactllaloriginaltextwhichistheresunofcommuIlicationwithTcxtandistheisafeSult0f‘meltjngchangeofmeho出on’.TextXVariableanditchangeswimthetranslator,tiInes蛆dspacc.”Hefe,theroleofmetheorists.Int劂JatorisdeScfjbedbymany呦slationhis勋眦喇口Sci鲫妇盯T抛凇纭拄嬲,Nidawrites:“Sincethet}le南cal暑Iemen£intrans王aling……KsroleiscentralandpmcedIIrestrallslatorhimsejfistomebasicprinciplessaysinof仃anslating.,,(Nida,1964:15)了锄estrallslations.Holmestlis张口肠m口口拜d胁缸陀可加黜矗晌厅:studies)concemsitselfoftraIlslation“Process—ofientedwiththeprocessD7I_s(desc却tiVeonactitself.皿lepIoblemofwhatexactlyastakespIaceinthe‘liftIeblackbox’ofthetransIator,smindhec犯anesanew,morcor1essmatchiⅡgtextinanotheron1越guageh舔beenthesubjectof肌lchspeculationthcp缓of仃ansjation,sm铀rists……”(venuti,2000:176)InH01mes’sopinion,“atraIl订atorfl娼tlyshouldmaketIlllundeIstandi】略of也eori咖a1workallddecodeitsmessageintoh王s6mentalconception,aIldthenencodetlle咖售ettextfromthisconception.as舢thouglloftheitisoversilnplifiedtoⅡlodelthetraIlsla6ngprocessencodingofthedccodingsLT(source【丑IlgIlageText)andText),fortranslationisa1IT(TargetLanguagecanconsecutiVeandintegr种edactivity,weundefstandfllllythet镐kofdefinesinBenj踟inhis砀口础D,舭彻厅砌细,“thean峙trallslator."(YuFengping,2004:8)taskoftlletlletrallslatorconSiStsiIlfindingthatmtendedefcect(Intention)upont姗sla吐ngwhichproducesinittheechooftheoriginal."(venuti,2000:19-20)HepoiIltsoutthatt舢slatormustbegoodlangllagei11towhichheisat妞olanguages蛆dt踟}cultu】『es.Atranslatofplays姗othedif£efentfolesinasacomplicatedⅡ锄slatingor追inalprocess.Firstly,thetranslatorisregardedareaderofthetext.Inordertoconstmctamentalconceptionofmeofiginaltext,thetranslatorshouJdhavecomprehensiveandproperconsideringofthecarefInlyasori西naltext.sothetranSlatormustrcsearchsuchfactorstheauthor’shistorical柚dculnlralbackgrouⅡd,thestyleoftheoriginaltextandtheiⅡlplicationoftheoriginalwords.Secondly,thethetra五slatorisregardedasare—creativewriter.BasiIlgonunderst如dingoftheorigillaltext,the打anslatorwillbegintoproducethetranslationVersion.“WhentraIlslathlg,thetr蛐slatorusesthematerialsabstracted舶mhisunders【andingwhichcomes丘Dm也eorigiIlaltext.ThatisthepreSentationandcrystallizationoftheauthor’sthoughtandemotion.Sohemustkeepbalancebetween也epositionoftheaumorandthatofhiso、Ⅳn.”mFengping,2004:10)1.3ReceptionAestheticsintlIePI佻essofmnsIaHonnotasTranslationisshowedinacomplexprocess柚dsiI印leastheprocessF遮ure1.AndfromFigure2,weknowthat7com咖nicationbe船eenthetranslatorandmeoriginaltextwillinnuencetheforInationofsaInetheta唱ettext.Attime,thetranslatoralsomuste)叩ectmereadef’sreccptionoftheta堰ettextwhichalsoinnuencesitsformation.So,intranslatillg,thetranslatorwillbein日uencedwrhichcanby铆oprocessesofrec印tionbedescribedasFigIlre3showingbelow:(F逸ure3)Here,inFigIlre3,“translationactivityisnotaaVerycomplicatedprocesssimple1illearprocess.InthefirStpfocessofrec印tion,theText(originaltext)isnothestartingpointofthetranslation.Therefofe,、ⅣhereisText.thereisnotranslation,Butthem疆tiSnotfixedandthercarcsti儿somevacanciesneededtobefilledbytheofmeTcxtisatraIlslat∞Sothecomprehensionprocessofconcretization.’rhisprocessofcomprehendiIlgmeTextisnotpassiveillsteadisaf£bctedbymetranslator’spreviousreadingexperienccalldpre—comprchension.Tosomeextent,the‘讲噜inalafterthete)【t’(heremeallstheresuhofmelting、risiontranslat舛co衄unicatingwiththeText,itismarkI记byTextxintheFigure2)ofthetranslationisthedialecticalunitytheoftheTextandthetranslator’scomprehending.Meallwhile,transJatof’sunderstanding甜arepre—comprehensionoftheTextisnotlimitless,BecauseconstrainedbytheText,whichmal【es8surehis龇ptioncanthatthetrallslatornotcomprehendtheTextcasuallyordeviate仃omtheintentionoftheTextaIldtheauthor.netr柚slatorcorrc蛙)ondiI瞄ytrieshisbesttomal【etheTextxapproximatetotheTexttothel鹕eextent.1herefofe,thequalityofthetaEgettextmostlydependsontheⅡaIlslator’sreceptiVity.Thetra璐latortriestomakehisexpectedVisionaccordwiththeta唱ettextwithimprovinghiSreceptivitywhenhec0如衄micateswiththe711ext.”Therefore,intheproccssoftr姐slation,theimport锄ceofthetranslatorisobVious.Henotonlyactsasareaderoftlle,11extbutalsoshouldthillkaboutthereaders;not011lypaysmoreatt%tiontotllereaders’dcmandsandtheirreceptiVi哆butalsotriestomaketheVersioncomInunicatewiththepfesupposedreaders.9ChapterlI、voIIhnsJatorandTh矗sJ矗£ionnoEveryoneacc印fStbisopiniontranslalor,n0tra王lsjation.ButWhatisthetranslatoI?Itisnecessaryt0mkeacleaIid髓tityofthetranslator.Bellreceivers…一whetherⅡstenersessentianytheorsays“触lcommunicatorS,orasreaders,monOl血gualsreceiVebili她pals…一facespeechands锄eproblem;lheyasigIlals(inin丽tin曲contaillingmessagesencodcdincom础n玉cationSysfemw矗ich招not,byde丘nftion,ident五calwiththeifthBearlystagcsoftheonown.,’(Ben,2001:14)Attr柚sla如nhisto吼peopleusedtofbcustheirattcntionthefaithfIllnessofthetraIlsla£幻nandVi叫∞dlhetmnslatof0nassen,anl.D哆dendescribesthel瑚sla刍口riS‘‘danc主z】唔thinksoftheIopeswithfettercdaslegs”(MarySnell-Hornby'1988:11)Heora仃;mslatortranslatortheslaveoftheaumorsqualiddown.G0etlle代gardstheDraasprofessionalmatchmakerparodist(Goeme,2001:272)1mewith£11etor01eofmenanslatorisalmosttot缸;yne舀ected.developmentof抒ansla娃0nsfudyjnthemodemtime,peopIcbeg细IealizetheimpoItantroleofthe眦吣slatorwhom舒aduaUy把ceiVesmo他attention丘ommanvscholarsintheirtranslationstudies.2.1mditionaIⅥewsworkswhichon1hnslator’sStatusAsweknown,t啪smionpract妇st孤sarewiththet豫璐latingoffeligi叫stakent0besacrcd,Insu曲蛔脚l撕on,卸yachangcofmew甜d优d盯∞phr弱e0f也etheearlystagesofonoI谵i枷w砌dbec血ne.sDatt舢sIationhjstory;peopIe11usedtofolcI塔theirattentionSthe“faithfulness"or“unfaithfulness"ofthetraIlslationalldregardedthetranslatoras“seⅣant”.AbsolutefaithtotheoriginalisthedominaIltstandardoftfanslati彻regulatedbytrall幽【tiontheorists.So,thene酉ected.tranSlator’sroleisfixedand2.1.1TheNe—ectoftheThnslator’sRoleinC址naGenerallyspeakiIlg,thetranslator’sroleiSneglectedinChinesetrallslationtheoriesinwh01ehistorv.neintfoductionofBuddhistSc邱turesintoChinabegillsthefirstclima】【of仃anslationinChmaandandsch01arsgiveusmanytranslatorstheirdifcerentviev叩ointsontrallslation,amongwhichismeideathatforthesacrednessoftllereli酉ouss酬ptmonatfanslatorShouldbe舢施1to£he吲gillaltext。111his,锄眦stranslation,ShiDao’an,oneofthewell-l【110wnmonksoftlleQianQinState,adVocatesstrictliteraltfanslationoftheBuddllistscriptures.Hesaysthat“translationshouldfoUowthesoufcecloselywithout戚ssingasill91ewrord,alldchangenomingexceptforinvertedwordorder”.Inhisopinion,hebeIieVesthatth钳earefiVewaysinwhichtranslatorsmaydeViatefromcasesthetheoriginal.Heeallsthem“五失本”(“矗veinwhichthei11eanillgofreVerseor谤nalislost”),being:‘‘First,tlletranslatorstendedtotheordefDflheseDtencesmtheforei重皿textinordertoconfbrmtoChiIleseusage.Second,topreferredaattracttheattentionofmeChinesereadership,theytoorpolishedliterarystyleinthetraIlsIationthesimple,unadomedsubst锄ceoftheoriginal.Third,meyshortened10ngexpositionsoromittedtherecurringchantedVefsesoftheo堍iIlal.Founh,meydektedtheexplanations锄dc0瞄姗tariesinthein出edded诬theofiginaltext……Fiflh,theyleftoutthosewoldsor埝malwhichf11ndionass硼】maries.’’口hZai】【i,2000:322)“所谓‘五失本’是:一、乃外语,其词序由汉人看来是颠倒的,汉译时被改从汉语语法;二、质朴,汉人喜欢文采,为适合广大读者,译文作有一定修饰;三:经内论述,往往不厌其烦,尤其颂文更是反复再三,翻译时被删减;四:在长行之后,另有偈颂复述,称为‘义说’,类似汉人韵文最后总结的‘乱辞’,内容重复,译时删去:五:中讲完一事,告一段落,要转说他事时,又将前话重提,然后再往下说,这些话也被删除。”(chenFukang,2000:n)zIliQi她,the协noustra硒latorSc啦'tllrestramslation,ofBuddhist0niIlthetime0frI_hIeeStates,putsforwardhisVi州巾oiⅡtthatis,seel【ingforthe虮lIh丽thoutanyexpfessive“literalmodif!ication,、Ⅳhichisfeg盯ded船tllefirststatementoftr蛐slation”byLuoⅪnzh卸g(Luo)(iI垤rh觚g,1984:32)Amotherleamedmonkandfamous仃anslatorofBuddhistScri讲ures,Xu姐zhaⅡg,emphasizestheaccuracyoftranslation,sayingthat“translationshollldseek咖m”(alenFuk柚g,2000:42)Heinfo咖ationJianzhongsuggeststhatatranslationorsh砌dbe“understand矗ble"and“tnletotheodginal,notaddcasnallytoadVocatesdeleteanymod坶theori西nal.”(chenFIll【粕g,2000:32)Mainhis4似咖(《拟设翻译书院议》)that“therepresentmesourceI[堍l^e五沁钯6巍譬而册P拧fo,Z}犍ns缸【l如nta玛etl柚gIlagetextshollldlanguagetextexactly,nomoreor∞less,龃dwhattheta培etreaderbenefits丘Dmthetr孤slationshouldbethereaderdoes.T11atiss锄e船meoriginaltr蛆slation.”(Luowhatwetocallhisagood)(inzh如g,1984:126)Acc舛dillg0pinion,fDfge‰gweigllaperfccttranslation,“the仃anslatorshollldnotonlyconsiderandtheoriginalme孤ing,butgoesevenalsoimitateitsstyle.”(zllou)(iaoling,2002:5)QuQiubaitr蛐slationshouldbeabs01utelyfIl】胁eLHeholdsthat“thecorrectandnomistakcisallorv岭d.”(LuoⅪnzhaIlg,1984:279)Actually,thisan虹anSlationthattheauthoradvocatesisextreme,anditcannotbeachieved.ThefamousChillesesch01arGuoshouldbeMomoadvocatest11att11ereer印athybet、№enthetranslatorandtheauthor,whichme柚sthefo肋efmeldingintothelatter’srole.Hesays,“……totranslateShelley’sshouldmakepoem,ImyselfShelleyandShelleymyself”(LuoⅪIlzhang,1984:333)Luo碰垴IangChina粕dpointsway”,i.e.beingsllmmarizesthet瑚【Ilslationtheoryi11aoutthat“theChinesetranslationdcvelopedinli鹏artmetomeori西nal…-faithflllness…一spiritllalfesemblance…一t咖smi掣ation(Luo)(inzhang,1984:19)“Beingtmetot11eori醇nalmeansabsohltefaimflllnessaretomeonoriginal.ThethebasisofspiritualresenlblanceandtraIlsmigrationrealizedfaimfIll∞ss.”(zhou)(iaoling,2002:5)BeiIlgfaithfultot11esoⅥce∞extisthefirstp血ciplethatatr孤slatorshouldobey.ⅦlFu,0neofme莎eatesttransIatorSin1ateQingDynasty,advocates“(信)failh凡jness,(达)eXpressivenesgaIld(雅)gracefIllness”,whichcomeS肋m’theodginalwords“译事之难,信、达、雅。顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉。"“ForthetaskoftraIlslation,therearenlreed删culties:a)(ingrcat(fa曲眦ness),Da(expressiveness)蛐dYa妞accfukss).鼢st,itisdi伍cIlltytobefaitllful.ButfaithfIllncsswithoutbeingexpressivemeansthatthetexthasnotActually,Yanreallybeentfanslated.”∞nZai)【i,2000:323)viewsthathist啪slationisthel沁mltranslation.HeofhiInselfsays“thereweresometimesadditionsandwhentralIlslating,Iforadeletions遍myorderofw∞dstranslati彻oreveninvertedtheof追inalphf鹪esgoodtranslation.Butt11ismemodisnotreallyperfbctandshouldnot14bef01lowed.”(chenFukang,2000:115)2.1.2The№glectofthe胁nslator’sRoleinthewestgreatpartinwcstemInnlewesttheBibletfanslation。likeChina’stranslationof“BuddhistScript”,mm【esinnuenceonatr锄slationhistoryandhas掣eattheBibleisitstraIlslatingpracticeandtheo珥Becausercgarded鹪the“Holyworl【s”,tlleprillcipleofrestdctfaithflllnessisappliedbymediaevalm锄ytr卸slators.Oneoft11e丘rst伽nousBibktmnslatorsintimes(aboutADll00-1500)isaPhiloJudaeIlS,whoholdsthattranslatingBibleissacredjob缸mpoilltsoutthattheprelHiseofthattr蛐slationtfanslatorisis“theinspirationofdivinity”.InJuda哪’sopinion,“ajustonlyamediumtowfitedawnwhatGoddictatestohim,,tlletraIlslator’sinitiativeCranzaixi,2000:29)andis曲solutelydeprivedo戴expressesstAugustiIle,whofollowsPhnoJudacus’sopinionfi珊岘alsohisviewofabsolutefaithflllness丘omtheVi剑叩10intofandhiSideaoftmnslationthatdiffbrcntl托g弧ge锄alysis,expressthel距guagescans籼eme孤ingandwordisthebasicllIlitofha璐lation.Later,ManliusBaethjusproposesthat“translationshollldfbc惦onobjectivefactsandthetr锄slatorshouldgiVeuphis吼l;b_jectiVejudgmentin仃anslating.”(rIhza仅i,2000:43)InBaethius’sInind.theinsteadoftllegfacetmslalorsh砌ds扛essontheacamtecont∞tstyleoftlleoriginaltext.Therefore,forhimtllebesttraIlslatingmethodfofⅡle打anslator’stranslation.Inmodemaftermead印dngistheword-fof-wordtiInes谢tllthedevelopmentoft埘lslationstIldyespeciallyrenaiss柚oe,manytr越slators锄doffaithflllnessiIltheiftheoriStsstillholdfirllllythetheprincipletmslationpract娩.In17也c∞tIlmDrydensays“Ithoughtfittosteerandliteraltranslationtokeepbe铆ixtme柳omyauthorareextremesofpar{lphraseIasnearascould,谢t110utlosingaUllis黟aces,themosteminentofwhichiIlthebeautyofhiswords”(JeremyMllnday,2001:25)1kn,hethefbllrbasicprinciples:“1.Nomanisconcludeshisargllmentandproposesc印ableof仃anslatillgp∞trywho,besidesageniustot11at0ut,isnotamasterbothofhisauthor’slangtIage粕dofitsown.2.Normustweunderstandtllelanguageonlyofmepoet,buthisparticulartIlmofthou曲tsaIldofexpression,whicharethecharacterstllatdis咖guiShand,as3.The1ikewords.4.,I'llei£were,indiyidualhim硒m羽lovcr删tc佩caremustbetakenofthemoreauMardom锄ents,theautlloI,generauyspeaking,istobesenseofansacred蚰dinviolable.”(MarysneⅡ-Horby,2001:12)胁efourprinciplescancor印1etelyrcpresent脚den’semphasishisonb咖gabs01utelyfaithfIll协tlleoriginal.InandVi删point,notlle删iginal0nec蛐translatcpoe仃yunlessheis酉ftedbom.The仃纽slatorshollldpayautborisaSpecialatlentiontothewordsoftlleoIigillalbecausesacredandinvi01曲1e.Dryden’stheoryisstiHauthor-orientedaIldnotwordisemployedtodescribethetr勰slator’sroIe.Inthe18强centu彤趟exallderP0pea掣eeswimfollowD『ydenandbelievesthat“thenottr锄slatorshollldmeaumorfimllybutattemptntosurpasshim."(zhout£孤slator,1790,Ⅺaoling,2002:2)~tlIou曲Popewhathedoesnote_孚ecttheroleofnleemphasi乃esis也e咖1slator’scompletcobedience.111赳exanderDnerwriteshisfamo惦worki11whichheputsfo】Mardthei6well—‰own“mfeeprindplesoftranslation",that肭—P蛔够乃铆隅kf如席whichtheory诬thewest”.“Itwillf0U0、矾1..nlatis,量泌缈s彻缋Ponisregardedas“thefirStworktranslationthe妇璐lationshould昏veac0扛lplete妇ns翻ptoftheideasoftheoriginal、Ⅳork.2.natthes哆le如dthemaIlnerofwritingshouldbeoftlles咖echaracterwiththat0ftheoriginal.3.’111atthetranslationshollldhaVeallnlee勰eofori酉nalcomposition.”C聊lcr,1790:9)Btlerstyleseenpulsfo唧ardhisViewoffaithfulnessto龇砥勘alcontentandprinciples.TheycaniIlthesewcll-knownand丘equentlyqumedbeas锕oaex仃emesinextent,translati蚰.qtler’sthree砸nciplesoftranslation,similarwimChinesetranslatorYanFu’stogreat“three-character”principle.Itisasverydearthatbothmal【ethefailhfulnessthenlost呻0nantala'wmtranslation.IIithe18也centIlry’charlesBatteuxwhoisfa衄ousFrenchtranslationcritic,“illustratesthecorrecnlessp血cipleoffaithfIllness孤df如mthean出eofⅡlepreciselillguisticVieWaboutnletr觚slationisa11alysis.,’(zhou)(iaoling,2002:3)Hisb舔icthat“thetranslatorasaserv孤tnotamastcrshouldfollowthe耐giIlal跏thor丘瑚lytoreproducc也esourcel锄gIlagetextcompletely.”(zhou)(iaoling,2002:3)Inthemodemtime,thestatllsoftlletranslatorisstillnotiIllpfoved.asManytmslationtheoristssuchtotheFedorov’Ca勖rd,PcterNewm破,etc.thesourccgivetheire唧hasesequival髓ccbe细∞nl柚guage觚d17theta玛etvcnulilaIlgIlage舶mthepfecise鲫alysisof似olanguageS.La帆enceusesthevividexpression“invisibnity’,to“des‘’ribelhet枷slat甜’ssayssituatianand瓣ityinconteⅡlporaryAn酉。一AInericancIlmlre."He“themorenuentthetranslation,themoreinvisiblethetmnslator,aIldwriterthemorevisiblepresumably,theofmeaningortheforeigntext"(、,enuti,1995:9)2.2Contemporary、,iewsh唧nbleon7Ihnslator’shasstatllsThetranslators’statuschangedincontempor缸yatranslationtheofieswhe碍the£fanslator,sstatus主simproved£oextent.r11ranslatorsreccptionistsofthearenogfca£10ngeftextandconsideredaspassive啦duselessori百nalaumor,insteadnleyareactiveandeSs钮tialtheofinprocesspanidpamstraIlslation.Moreandmoresch01aTsrecogIlizetheirvitalfoles.Thefollowingopinionsrepresentsomeofthem·2.2.1HerIneneutics田lete瑚“he珊eneutics”comeSfromGreek,‘‘h咖eneuein’’whichintranslation.Hermeneuticsandbeganmeansinterpretation,clar讧icationthe16也century,withmeime印retationasitstheoreticaIbasis.Later,inmefeatIlreof20mcent删v。Hermeneut斌showsHermeneuticsemphasizesthethenewp蛐osophicalom0109y-tr勰siafof,sac娃Ver01e遗地e妇n耍ationaisnottranslatorthismeory,theoflitemrytexts.AccordiI坞toanpassivebutactiveandcfeativep缸ticipantinthemal;【ingofIneaning,noSteineremphasizesthatthereiSabs01utelysameorigiIlalmeaniIlgbethetraIIslator埘【ustoftlleimerpretationinthetargettext,beca【useinVolVedillt啪slationbesidesthatofmereader.Illtheprefaceto4,}盯isto矗曲“Steinersays“r110understandistodecipher.1bhear8远nificancetr锄slate.”(steiner,2001,Vii)Hethealsocategorizes“Thefour.beatmodelofacthemeneuticmotioninoftranslationa唱uedin4,}盯or肋西订…一initiativercstitution…-makestmst…一aggfession…一inc0叩oration…一rcciprocitynodaimto‘theory’.ItisanarradVeofprocess.”(Steiner,2001,xvi)Hatimreadingasaysthat‘‘AsSteiIlerpointsout,eachactofte】【tisinitself锄actoftfa船lation,i.e.如imerprctation.Unavoidably,tfamslatorsfeedtheirownonbeliefs,1mowledge,anitudes柚dsointotheirprocessillgoftext,sothatan)7translationwill,tosomeextent,renecttranslator’sownmentalandcIllttlra重ounook,despitetheimpartialimentions’’(Hatim,2001:11)GadamercangiVesadearstatem∞tthat“noonedoubttllatthetranslationofatext,howcvermuchthe仃.mslatormayahavedealtwith锄dempathizedwimhisaumor,callnotbesimplyre.awakeningoftheorigiIlalprocessiIlthewritcr’smind.Rather,itisnecessar酊aunderst跏dsre—creatio五0fthete】(tgIlidedonebytllewaythe。translatbrarewhatitsays.Noc锄doubtmatwhat晡redealh培hereistheirinterpretation蚰dopinions,nlenotsimplereproduction.”(Gadamer,1990:385)Insubjeccivitytr强slator’stext.hi8toricalback伊oundandmustbetmceableintheta玛et2.2.2EeminismFeministtr锄slationthcorygiVesits唧h船isonthetargettcxt她ddeniestheabsolutecentcff讲eofmeCanadaass叫fcetext.T1listheo巧isprcValenti11tworepresentadVes.BarbaraGodard锄dSherySimon觞itsFbmiIlistspufsues廿lattllcmanandthewomaⅡareequal.MassadierKe胍y19says“Theuseof‘feminiSt’0r‘wom柚’provides柚llnstablepointofd印artllrefortr勰slationpractice.Activetranslationdoesnotdepanfrompre—detem曲edgenderde舶itionsbutmust1eadtoaIlillterrogationofsuchgenderdefinitionsandroles."(Kenny,1997:55)I。otbilli色IeHarwoodadvocates“ThehistoryoffemiIlisttranslationhasbeenastmg舀eforVisibility,‘tomakethefeminine—i.e.women—visible’.’’(Harwood,1991:1011Feministtheoristsemphasizetheroleofthetranslator.IntheiropiIliolls,iftlletr姐slatoriSa虢ctedbythefblninistthought,hcorsheInustshowtheirselVesintlletranslationprocesSa11dmeninghisorherownsdbjectivecreationsin“.Forinstance,Bassnettadvocates“BarbmGodarda曙uesthatafeministtranslatorshould‘矗aunt’thesignsofhermalliplllationoftext,her‘woman-hanming’strate西es……ManytranslatoIshaVedeliberatelychosentoassertthemselVesveryvisiblyindeedinthete】【cmeypmduce.”(BaSsnett,2001:25)Flotow酉Vesherviewpoill£stha£“Inthesetextsanoticeabletread’isthedevelopingsenseofselfexhibiledbytranslators,increasiIl出yawarethattheiridentitiesasgenderedrewritersentefi11totheirwoik.……ThisisaⅡpartofaconcertedmoveawayfromthedassical‘i11visible’translator'meideaoftheh毅塔latorass伽ekindoftranspafentchaIlnelwhoseinVolvementdoesIlota鳝ectthesoufceonthetrallslatedtexts.”(Rotow,2001:35)AndHatimpoiIltsoutmat“DealingwithfeIninistt瑚lslationstrategiesiIlte瑚sofauthor-centreh弱highl油tedthenotionofthe仃anslatoras雒active∞-produceroftexts.ThisawareneSshasfacilitatedtherecognitionbyfcministtr粕slation也eoristsoftraIlslator_centredstrate西esandnotmerelyofreader-cemreds缸-ategies.”(Hatim,2001:137)2.2.3DeconstlⅥctionismneDeconS咖ctionistGentzlerpoints0ut0ver.exaggeratestherigllt8oftraIlslators.that“nenofolllldation0fDe仃ida’sormoughtisthe孙sumptionthatthereiskemelde印stmctllreofiIlvariaIltofcomparison…¨Rather,Derrida‘b弱es’his‘theofy’ofdeconstmcdon帆non-identity,onnon—presence,onInunrepreSentabili哆’’(Gentzler,2004:147).chainofbis叩inion,metextisjuStasi咖6cation.nat“isaoneofinfin主teearlierregrcss…一thetranslation强dtransiatedtextbecomestransIationofanothertmslatedwords,……representnotllingbutomerwordSrepresentingnoth_ing。Butstiuotherwordsrepr鹊enting。’’(Gentz:Ier’of2004:147—148)Derridasays‘‘justasthem粗ifestadonl虢isiIltimatelyco皿ectedwiththeliviⅡg,withoutsigIlifying姐ythiIlgmuchasfof,atranslaticHlaSproceeds仃omtheorig酬.Indeednotsof内mitslifef蛔mitss删vival.F0ra拄anslationcomesafterthatneverori西naland,fbrⅡleimportantwofksfi|1dthehpfedestinedtransl乱oratthetimeoftheirbinh,itthestagecharacterizesoftheirsurvival.”∞硎da,1985:178)MichelofaulhorandI’oucauhalsoattemptstobreakadvocatcsthedeathofd州mthetraditionalnotionauthor.(Gentzler,1993:149—153)Accordingtodeconstmcdonists’opillions,meyin仃odllcethenotionthatnletranslatorcreatestheori酉nalandund锄inethenodon0fauthorship.23SomeDesc订ptionsoftheRDleoftherIhnslatorAsfortheroleofmetraIlslator'besidesusingmeword“servant”,therearemore矗gurativeexpressionsenlployedtodescribeitsuchsoon.as“invisibletranslator’I‘‘creativetfaitof”,“cannibal,’and2.3.1TheInvisible“The7IhnsIatordescribestheextenttoterm‘invisibility’wIlichcertaintrallslationtraditionstoleratetbethetranslatoriIlpfesence(i.e.intmsion,iIlteⅣention)ofsays.“AccordiI玛yetrc】a£edllsethe仃ansIation.”饵atim,2001:45)Hatimt0、色nuti,(1992,1995),‘inVisibi王ity’refefS幻t、jl旧dist主llctphenomena:(1)The‘ef6ectofdiscourse’,thatis,thetraIlslator’soflangIlage.(2)A‘practiceandofreading’,orthewaytra璐latio璐arereceivedeValuated.”饵a岫,2001:45)neideaof“仃anslat∞’siIlvisibiliIy”stylesandmeansthemakesatra|lslat甜c猢otc蚰notseeexpresshis/llerownthoughtsorcompIeteexhibitionoforiginaItextandauthorinthetranslationanytraceofthetranslator.L鲫盯encevenutiwhefethereaderdescribesthisphenomenonasfollows:isalSopanly“ne舰nSlat叫,sindividualisticinVisibni£yofde绝加inedby£hetoconceptionauthorship‘thatcomiIluespre'VailiIlAⅡglo勘eficanctlltIlre.A咖rdiIlgori酉nalanddeterlllinatestothisconception,th弓authorfreelyasanexpresseshistllougbtsandfeelings_illwriting,whichisthusVie、Ⅳedtr鲫sparentself-r印resentation,砌【Inediatedby仃a11siIldiVidualaumorialOinguistic,cultumI,social)thatmightcompIicater11llisViewofori百nal吼implicati肌sau‰rshiponecarried锕omsadvantageousasafortlletrallslator.Onthehand,translationisde矗nedsecond—ordefrepresentation:onlythefDfcigntex£callbeorigiIl地anaumenticcopy,tmetotheauthor’spersonaHtytrallslationiSorintention,whereasthederivative、,fdke,potentiauyafalsecopy.Ontheomcrhand,tr蛐slationisrequireddiscourse,toeffaccitssecond-ordcrstatIls谢也tra∞Darentpresencewherebytheproducingthecanillusionasof锄thomltranslatedtextbetal【entheoriginal.”(venuti,1995:6—7)‘‘1'hetranslatoristhussubordiIlatedtotheautllor,whodedsivelvcontrolsthepublicadonofforthetr锄slationdllringmetermofthec叩yfightthe”original”text,currentlytheauthof’s1ifcIimegiVenfIllllegalplus衄yyears…”becauscofThetranslator。sauthorshipisthepdoritygiVentothetopointofneVerrec0霉越廿onforei印wTiterillcon仃olliIlgtheasatmslati衄…—evenorco唧romisingtlle仃锄slator’srightsBritishAmeric托citizen.”(Venuti,1995:8—9)“ThetransparentntmslationandtheillVisibilityoftheseenasat础slator'canbesuccessflllmystificadonoftroublingproportions,锄锄犯in酉yandexcltlsionsinconcealmentofthetranslation,themultipledeterminantsande饪ectsofEn酉ish—l蛐guagewhichitismllltiplehi眦rchiesimplicated”(vc肌ti,1995:16)2.3.2T_hetnlnslatorItalyhasaasaCn曩t量ve’IhIitoroldsaying‘maduttore6traditore",whichmeanstranslatorislhebetrayef.Thatistosay,anytransla廿onisthebctrayaloftheor塘inaltextf!irstlyputstosomeextcnt.In1961,FI砌sodallitefatorRobertEscarpitfo州ardthete珊inology“Creat沁e1'reason”inthe叼触onceZ胁∞n"甜口露缈fD工妇柳nr.Inhis叩iIli帆,when她yconccptexpressedandistf越sfe玎ed,itthenlustbe“仃eason”,espcciallytothelitera】了identifiedastr姐slation.Sotr蛆8latorisnewlythe“creativetraitor”,Junsayswhichisdi蜀融rentftomthetraditional‘‘translatorsworkasiImge鹊tlle“seⅣaIlt,’.Xlltonguemenbutnotwi吐loutsubjectivejudgment;asmedi哪butnotwithout血eirownstandpoillts孤dprinciples.T1leytrytoachieyebalallcebe押eengainsandlosses,cxcessandd砸dencywiththeirle啪ingandexperiences.‘CreativeTreason’isapropositionbroughtintothet瑚slationstudies.”(许钩,2003:6—7)Intlleprocessof“CreativeTreason”,thetr卸slator缸e叩retandreconstmctthe吲西naltextwithusinghis,heractivesuqectiviciesaccord血gtoad《iIlitecreativemotive.Thebasicfeatuf弓ofcfeative订℃asonin£fafIga£ionisthatthetran碰afor1eadstheori酉naltexttotheenvironmentwhichmeori咖al卸t110rdoesnotexpectandendowsthatwithanewa讲'earanceiIlthet嘴etlanjguage.In(、hineset豫nslationhislory,thefamous“traitor’isI血Shu,whomakesa伊eatcontributiontoChilla’sliterarytranslationwith160traⅡslationworks.BecauSehedoesnotknowallyforei弘Ianguages,heavoidablymal【esmistakesandhasmisinterpretationinhistranslationbesideshemakesmanydeletionsandadditionstotheoriginaltext.Inthewestemtranslationfidd.EzfaPoundisano妞rfamons“£fai幻r,’,Gentzlersays“EzraPound’stheoryoft珊slationfocusedupontllepreciserenderingofdetails,of_iIldividualwords,andofsingleoreVer打agmentedimages。”(Genlzler,2004:15)“Pound’semphasiswas1essonthe‘meaning’ofme仃.mslat酣textorevenonthemeaning0fspecif沁words,Instead,heemphasizcdtherhy斑m,dictionandmovementsofwords”(Gentder’20()4:16)Andhistranslationthoughtisrevealedinhisadaptabletr锄slationofC酊氟秽whe托|leconec£sabouf150a1泣eSepoems。F研exa均ple,Hetranslatesthe“今为荡子妇,荡子行不归”into“Andshemafriedasot,w-honowgoesdmnkenlyout”.Herc“荡子’’istranslatedinto“sot”(酒鬼).Sothemeaningofhistr觚slationis“酒鬼在外面喝得醉醺醺的”,itisdi航rentfIomtheorig协almeaniIlg.Andhetrallslates“烟花三月下扬州’’meimo“ThesmokeⅢowersinto‘‘theareburredoverriver.”Here,‘‘烟花’’ist瑚slatedkt’ssmoke-nowers’’(冒烟的花)(JiangHon蛹n,2001(1):58)seethefonowingt、)l,oex踟ples、砌chcallrenectt量1e“CreativeTreason”inthetmnslationpm∞ss.Ex啪ple1.诗家清景在薪.季,绿柳才黄半未匀。若诗上林花似绵,出门俱是看花人。G妯Ⅵljuan,2002(3):88)VerSiDn:tnle1andscapewhichthepoet】ovesisthatofeallyMay,eachWhenbuddinggreellnesshalfconcealeden吼印swiU0、Ⅳspray.11llatbeautifIlleInbroiderythedays饼s悯呦efyield’hiswall【sAppealstoeVerybumpkiIlwhomaytdkeafleld.Here,thetr锄slatortranslates“eallyMay”血o‘‘新春”rcprcsemsMayhiscfeativebetrayaltomeorigjllaltcxt.BecausetheSpriI:IginChina,meconcrcteisthelateofthetf触slatordoesn’tresearchtheorderofChinesetime蛐dsceneryandbringsthatofEuropedirecⅡyfortra【nslating.Theresultisthat,theWrcstemreaderswillgetsuchwrongiIlfo珊ationthattheearlySprilIgin(、hinaisatthee觚lyMay-Ex锄ple2.…·+itwasWrongiIlhersituation.1wantedhertostayathomeandresti11moming,butshewollldcomewimseeus:She10ngedsomuchtoyouallI(JaIleAusten:SenseaIldsensibili吼CIhapter.19,、,01.I).version:她的情况不大好。我想让她今天上午留在家里休息,但她一定要和我们一起来;她太想见到你们了。(WuLili)G如nzhili,2001(4):21)InthesheissonoVel,Mrs.Jellningsisproudofherdau曲ter’spregnancy.nenhappythatshespeal【S0fiteveryplacewheretlleEkample2isquoted丘omwhatshesaid.Itiseasytounderstandthesentence‘‘itwaswmngiIlhersitllation"butdif£:沁ultto臼ranslatethat.Fromthe1itefalmeaning,theChinesemeaningreferstothe“healthof“situation’’iS‘‘情况,,,hercthissentence;theonspeciallyofs硒ation”inChmsemcaning“wrong’’is“坏的,不好的”.Sobasingt11isa11alysis,Mr.WutraIlslatesthissemencerepresentingintheversiOn.Itseemsreasonable.But,ifwethiIll【thetranslationOver,wewillfiIldsomeprobl6ms.‘硝占wel【llo、Ⅳn,ffommegenefalspeal【ing,woman’sh钉situationisnotgood.Andprcg皿趾cyisn’tequaltothefactthatWh’sastranslationcompletelygoesagaillst ̄hsJe皿ings’ssentenceproudmoodjustsayingbefore.So,here,totranslate也ismuchinto“她身子不方便’’isbette“haIlmepreviousone.’’(xunzllili,2001(4):21)2.3.3The,IhInslatorasaCannibalAnewimageidemifiesthetf柚slatOrasa“Callnibal”accordingtothe1554,themembersaBrazilian“CanIlibalism’’translation也eo阱“Inof‰Tu山amba仃ibeinBrazndevouredPorhlgucseCatholicpriest…sardinha,which2003(4):46).7rhehomageonistheoriginofthistheo哆’’(PanXuequ姐,asanbehaviorofeatingthepriestisregardedactofthepanoftheTupiIl锄babecausetheyonlydevoufthreel【indsofpersons:“thepersOnwhoisstron昌theperSonwhoisrespectableandhonorable蚰dthepersonwhoc柚saywordswithghosts.”(Jiang)【iaohua,2003:64)In1928,BrazilianModemistOswalddeAndradepublishedhisuses£硼ousbook,肘.口尼材奢咖砌虮,p巧魄妒(《食人主义宣言》)wherchememetaphor“Callnibalism"toimproveBraziliancIlnurcasonememodbothaaIldthinksthatthedeVoudI培actoftranslationviolationofc柚belmderStoodasEur叩eancodesandanactofhoInage(Ⅵeira,1999:102)In1963,HaroldodeC锄pospublishedhis州cleD口m如伽c嘲oC砌!啪P啪增D旃∞(《作为创造和批评的翻译》)where“Ca皿ibalism”thou曲tisintroducedinlotraIlsl砒ionstlldies.“Cannibalism”comparesthetotfanslationthebloodtransfIlsionwhichmeanstoabsorbother’sisnourishmentimproVeshisownhealthofbody.InthistegardedaSonetheory,tr跏sl砒ionotherS.Ofofbehaviorsjust1ikeborr∞曲喀舫mcourse,thetranslationborIDwstheits()wncmlture.adv龃tagedpartofomerctllmrcsforimpf0锄唱“Thec卸nibalisticmetaphorhas00metobeuscdtodemonstratetotraIlslatorswhattheycandowithatext.Tt甜塔lation,saysthegreatdiscussedindetailBra2mian仃anslatorHaraldodebyC锄pos,whoseworkisonElseⅥeiraillherchapterinthisbook,maybethelik朋edtoabloodtrallsfllsion,wheretheemphasisishealtll粕dnol撕sllInentanofthetranslatof.日1isisthetranslatorasafarcryfromthenmionoffaithfIlln酷stoori西n如oftodesenrantofthesourcetext.Tt锄slation,accordingCampos,isagentasaadialogue,the协mslatorandis柚an—powerfulreader蚰daf诧ewriter.”(BassettTheThriVed,1999:5)2.4I曲dequacyOfMachinenanslationthec0][nDutercaIneAftefWbrldWarII,intoexistenceanditintll】macceleratedmebirthofmadbinetranslation.Butwhatisthemachinetranslation?YcJlnlmeisays“ByMachinecomputeT_basedpfocessmatwrittentext矗omtheca£egorjesofoneTr柚slationwehelpsarefertoanytotransforms(orusertraIlsform)hllmanla她mageintoanother."AndshefllrthergivesFullyit:‘‰dAmDma£edMachilleTranslation@AMDreferstomachinetmnslationperformedwithouthumantheprocess.Human一触sistedaMachineTr蛆slation(H㈣bilingIlal)h啪antheinteⅣentiondu豳gisthetranslationinwhichappealingillcasecomputersystemdoesmostofthetranslation,ofdif£:ictlltytoa(mono—orbeingforahelp.Machine一趟dedTraIlslat“DIl(MAl)istr柚slationinwhichoneorhumanbeingdoesmostofthe、Ⅳofkwiththeassistanceofcomputefsystems,mailllyasresollrcesmoresuchasdic60nadesandspellillgcheckers.,’(YeJ岫mei,2002:2)Machinetranslationcannotrivalhuman仃ansla矗onintr蛆slation,hastraIlslationinmachineliterarytext.Althoughtranslat.mgespeciallymanymeritssuchitisshortofmestressesonasthetranslatingspeedmnIlingfastefcrcativem扎hllmanbeillgs,semsupportillgintelligence.Ma幽ne饿mslationonemesyntactic仃锄sf0加ati衄oflanguaget0anotherbutdenotationofcannotacl撕fymesubnedi|№rellceanbe柳eenco助otation粕dconcreteword,especiallycxpfessionundcfspecificsitllation.VH.YngVesays:“EVenwhenwehaVeprogramwhichcangive伊ammaticalmakeadequate柚alysesoftheincomingsentence,westillcannottr越slationsbecauseofthelargeamountofremaining鲫曲iguity-WbhavecomefacetofacewiththerealizationthatwewillomyhaveadequatemachiIletranslationwhenathemac:hinecall‘understand’whatitistranslatingalldthiswiⅡbeVerydifEi饥lttaskind∞d.”(Wbl丘amwilss,2001:23∞HumantIanslator’screativityaisunlimitedbutthatofmachinetrallslation啪onlyreachtohasbeenimproved,itfIltllre.certainextent.皿Iou曲machiIletr姐slationplaceofc卸nottal【ethehum姐t捌帱lationintheChapterThreeASped矗cAnalysisoftheUⅡderstandingActiVitiesn翟nslator’sTheaestheticsofreceptions0strcSsesontheactiVepanicipationofasthereaderi11readiIlgthatnregardsthereadcr’sreceptionofimproVingmetext’sliteraryinitsmevitalfactorme锄i119.JaussandIserbothpaymoreattentiontothereconstrIlctionofliterarythcorybydrawing丘omtheauthorandthetexttofoc嘴thedialecticalemphasis删aybetweenrelationshiptheauthor,也eworkaIldthereadef,panict】darlymercader’sdynamicroleinrec印tion.Andthetf艄slator’sunderst柏mngisVeryilnportantobViouslyintlleastfanslationprocesswiththetraIlslatorbeillgregardedthefirstreadertoⅡleoriginal.InthiSchapter,1wnlexplainthetranslator’sconstinlcntsofunderstandingactivitiesindetails.AndIhaVeadoptedatenta虹vecategoriesofthetranslator’sunderstandingactivities:hisc甜turalconcept,∞sthe_ticcomprehension,literarycompetel批.从o,byl锄guagetext.explaineX啦pksoftranslationpracticcs,I、)l,illanalyzehowthe仃anslator’sactivitiesareunderst觚diIlgrevealedintheta玛ct3.1nemnslator’sDi脑r蛆tCIlltIlmConceptasaTIaditionally,translationisregardedprocessoftransfer丘omOne砌锣衄谢如上矾缸n弹站口is“translation,thewhatisexpressedin0ne1anguagetoanother,themeaningoftheheadword“虹锄slation’’inactorthepmcessoffenderingl锄gtlageorsetofsy瑚【bolsbyme蛳sof扭other31laIlguageorsetofsymbols."(snell-Homby,2001:39)SothelanguageanalySiSandmetextcomp撕sonarethemajortasksof打anslati蚰studies.HoweVer,translationisdefin“elynotonlyaprocessof仃ansferfromonelanguagetoanother,butalsoconc啪swiththecultLlreundenakenbvthe撕olanguages.oIllturehereisu∞dinitsanthrop010舀calsense.Americanethn0109istWardH.Goodenougho埘cedefiIlescultureasfbllows:‘AsIseeis,asociety,scIIltIlreconsistsofwhateveritisonehastol(noworbelieVeinordertooperateinama蚰eracceptabletoits五embefs,anddosoillanyr01ethattheyacceptforanyoneof也elnselves.口lture,beingwhatpeoplehaVetoleamasdist_incthomtheirbiologicalheritage,mustconsistoftheendproductoflearning:knawledge,i11amostgeneral,ifrelative,senseof也eterm,bythisdefinition,weshollldnotethatcIllmreisnotamateTialphenomenon;“doeSnotconsistofthings,people,behavior,oremotions.Itisramerallorg锄izationofthesemillgs.Itistheformsofthingsthatpeoplehaveinmilld,也eirmodelsfofpefceivillg,relating,and’othe州ise洫唧retingthem.地such,thetlliIigspeoplesayanddo,theifsocialarrangementandevents,areproductsorby巾roductsoftheircultureastheyapplyittothetaskofperceiving嬲ddealingwithmeircircumstances.”(Goodenough,1964:36)Hisde铀itionaboutcultIlreisverydetailedaIldgiVesusenli曲tenmentI“InGoodenou曲’sopillion,theCtlltllreisherenotllllderstoodiIlthenarrowersenseofman’sadvancedintellectllaldevelopmentasrcflectedintheaf£s,butinthebroader锄lh尬pol9醇calsensetorefertoaHsociallyconditionedaspectsofhumanlife.,’(Snell-Hornby,2001:39)AnotherGe玎nanscholar,HeiI惦Gohringad印tsGoodenough’sdefiniti彻0fcontrastiVefollows:cIlnure疗ommeviewpointofcultllmllyasdisciplinewhichhecalls(xoss-CIllturalCommunication“QlltureiseVerythillgoneneedsto】【llow,mast盯andfeeliIlordertoorju咄ewherepeople’sbehaviorconformstodeviatesfromwhatisone’se印ectedfmmthemintheirsocial∞les,andinordertomal【eexpectationsofthesocietyconccmcd.ulllesstheconsequencesofbehavior∞nfo珊totheprep甜edtooneista】【edevi柚tbehavior.’’(Snell-Hornby,2001:40)From(bhring’sada【ptation,wec锄b.owthatthereisarethree0bviouslyimportantpoiIltsinit.“Firstly,theconcept0fof∞ltllreato蛐1cIlowlcdge,pr曲ciency孤dperc叩tion;Seconmy,thisbehavior觚devents;mirdly,itorconceptdoselyonconnectedwiththed印endsexpec£ationsandnormswhetherthoseofsocialbehaViormoseacceptedinlangIlageusage.”(Snell-Homby,200l:40)“缸weandl【110wmat,the.cultllreisatotality0f1【nowle电e,pro丘ciencytopefc叩tionwhichisthebasispanofonollf印proachtr柚slalion.Ifnot咖lylangIlageis蛆integralcultll】fe,the缸锄slatoralsobeathomeneedsproficiencyin时ol越glIag鸭butwords,hemustbebilingualandtheextentofhisonlyin咖cld眦s。Illomerb砌tural.”(、,re肌eer,1986:30—53)Andnotknawledge,pr0矗ciency,舳dperc印曲ndete珊inesllis曲ilityteXt.toprodllcethetargettext,butalsOhisllllderstandingoftheSollrCe3.2The,Ihnslator’sLite髓ryCompetence“Intheearlypast,pe叩lethinl【thattranslationis姐anwhichrequiresaptitude,practice如dgeneral】【no讲edge一-nothingmore;theabilitytotranslateisagift.”(Baker,2000:3)Thatistosay,onlyapers彻whoisgiftedandbomcaIlbecomeatraIlslator.Nowadays,itisalwaysassumedthattranslatorsmusthaveanexcellentcommandofboththesourcea11dta培etlangIlage.QianGechuansays“thosewhodotranslationworkshomdbewonhyof1inguistics.’,(QianGechllan,1980:2)BesidesbeiIlggoodatbilingIl“,acompetenttranslatoralsoneedstobicIlltllral.Nidaadvocates“translatormustbeabletosensewhatispurposely1eftimplidtinmeSTandwhatc卸aIldshouldbemadeiInplicitinthetranslatedtext.”(Nida,2001:134)Furfllermore,t11etr柚slator’swritingcapacitycaIlgreatlyhelphiIn/llertofullyexhibittheirabiIitiesofbothbilinglIalismandbicIllhⅡ’alism.Newmarkdesc】曲estheessentialqualificationsofthe仃a11slatoras:“acctlracy,rcsourcefIllness,ncxibil畸,eIeganceandsensitiVityintheuse0fhi蚰efovmlanguage.H啪healsorequiresknawledgeoflitera∥andnon—literarytexnlalcritid锄,siIlcehe/shehastoassessthequalityofatextbeforehe/shededdeshowtoin£erpretandthen仃anslateit.A仃{mslat∞mustfespcctgoodwritingscmplllouslybyaccountillgforitslangIlage,stI’uctIlrcsandcontent,whethertllepieceisscientificorpoetic,philosophicalorfictional.”(Newmark,2001:6)Sotllellllderstandingofthedidbrentwritingtecllniquesofthe叫i西nalauthorisaVeryimpon孤tstcpinme仃anslationpfocess-舢weknown,di能rentwritiIlgtechnique8reflectdif£e犯ntpu平oses0ftheauthorandconveydifEerentco衄otations.Thus,ifmeetingtheunusualwfitingtechniques,thetraIlslatorshouldnotllsemedomesticationsimply,butusingforeignizationforkeepiIlgtheirofigiIlalfq珊sanddeliveringtheimplicationsofsuchforms.Let’sExample3:seethefollowing-Iex跚pl明:Sinbadthesailor口,耐’nnbad、ⅣhinbadtheBinbadtheHinbadⅡlethe’I'蛐or口以dJ讪adtheJailor口厅dWhaler鲫讲NinbadtheNailer御耐Finbadt11eRIilern玎dBailer彻dPinbadthePailer棚耐MinbadtheMailer口ndHailer彻d黠IlbadtheRailer口以dDinbadtheKailer口弹d、7jnbadmeQuailer4玎dLiIlbadtheYailer棚dXinbadthePbthaner.(SunZhili,2002(1):44)Version1:水手辛伯达、裁缝廷伯达、狱卒金伯达、捕鲸者浑伯达、制钉工人宁伯达、失败者芬伯达、掏船肚水者宾伯达、桶匠频伯达、邮寄者明伯达、欢呼者欣伯达、咒骂者林伯达、食菜主义者丁伯达、畏惧者温伯达、赛马赌徒林伯德、水手兴伯达。()(iaoQi翘&W如Ji印uo)、,ersion2:水手辛巴德、裁缝钦巴德、监守人简巴德、会捕鲸鱼的惠巴德、拧螺丝的宁巴德、废物蛋费巴德、秉公保释的宾巴德、拼合木通的品巴德、天明送信的明巴德、哼唱颂歌的亨巴德、领头嘲笑的林巴德、光吃蔬菜丁巴德、胆怯退缩的温巴德、啤酒灌饱的蔺巴德、邻苯二甲酸的柯辛巴德。(JinDi)vefsion3:行海船的辛伯达和当裁缝的当伯达和看牢子的看伯达和捕鲸鱼的捕伯达和打铁钉的打伯达和不中用的不伯达和舀仓水的舀伯达和做木通的做伯达和跑邮差的跑伯达和唱颂歌的唱伯达和说脏话的说伯达和吃蔬菜的丁伯达和帕惹事的文伯达和酗啤酒的叶伯达和行什么船的行伯达。(W翻gDongfeng)EXample3employsunusualwritilIgtechniquesinthereisnote瑚sofsyntax:“1)sentence;2)othcrpunctIlationsexc印taperiodattheendoftheexcept‘Si曲adthesailor’,perSonslistedintheareparagfaphhav£nofealmeaningsatall,andtheyjustthephoneticiInitationoftlle‘Sinbadtheasailor’;3)‘口nd’isusedintheplacewherethereshoIlldbeacomma.tIlestatewriterseemstoputreadersjnto1etha氇icaIldnearlyunconsciouswhichpreparestllercadersforthenearly40pagesofwordswitlloutanypullctuationsinstreamofconsciousⅡess.”(sunzhili,2002(1):44)Justbecauseofthewriter’sparticularpurpose,whenthetraIlslatbrtranslatestbissentence,he/sheshouldkeeptheo堍illalfo吼a1featIlres.弧erefore,Wang£岫ngfengSVers主onbest。0nVeyS£heSTmessagecon甲afedwi出£heolhertwotrans】ators’versions.‘33n.anslator’sAestheticaestlleticComp咄明sionwhlchistheAcertamcomprehensionbaslsoftheappreciation0fartisticworkscomesfromtheandpfacticesofartisticun埘oflotsofexpe矗encesna_tures,activities.BecausehavillgdifI.erentsoback伊ounds,beHefs,outlook8andmustbediffbrenton,pe叩le’saestheticc伽叩rehensionjustasConfuciussay_ing:“thewisemenfindpleasurei11pleasureinwater,theviftuous缅dhills.”(知者乐山,仁者乐水)(kgge,1992:112—113).Asforthestyles,whicht啪slators,di丘erentcantranslatorshavedifEerenttfanslationcomprehcnsionrespectiVely.rcnecttheiraestheticMathewAm01dpoints0utmatalltheHomertranslatofsfailinrepresentingHomer’sfourqualitiesofstrictlytIuestyle:r印id,plain,difectandnoble:“Yet,itismat,forwantofdulypenetratiIlgqualityofHomer,hisrapidityth哪selvesaIldwiththehavefirst.n锄”dfailedinQ)wperofMr.wjightapprcciat自唱renderinghim;thatforwantdulythesecond_namedquali锣,hisplaill∞ssofstyleanddi嘶on,PopeandMr.So恤yhavedirectnessoffailedinrende血g;that,forwantofappredatingthethirdhisideas,Ch印manhasfailediIlrendcringhim;、Ⅳhilefofwantofseen印preciatiIlgmefourth,hisIlobleness,MtNewmanwhoh舔dearlysomeofthefauJts0fhispredecessorshasyetfailedmoreconspicuouslythananyofthem.”限obison,1997:253)analysisofmeThroughtlle拄锄slatof’str蛐sl撕onaofHomer,wewillfilldtllattheaestlleticcomprehenSionisVef),import锄tcomponentofhis/11erpre-underst卸dingswhichWmaffecttlleiriIlterpretatio船oftheor逸inaldirectly.I七t’sseethefollowing既锄ples:theshadowsofEXaIr瞄e4:on硼eo,踊傩es曲e,.n积删艉。rm口缸拜cJIo和d毋s扭协e缸蹴,朋疗D,口H栅翮,whenIningletogether,severalhoIlrsincongenialtotheasmoming龃dev%ingalmostandthrowa出oomoVerthededineoftheyear,Ipassedr柚1blingaboutWbstIllinsterAbbey.Therew镐s伽∞thiIlgseasoninthemoum矗llmagni丘cenceoftheoldpile,and,Ip弱seditsthreshold,itseemed坷【e8teppingbackiIltotheandlosingmyselfamongtheshadesofregi∞sofantiquity,fb咖erages.(chenLing,2000(6):21)Vcrsion1:在缆穰赠龟第厨感衷的_天,当曙光和夜色几乎混而为一,而将这年终酝酿成一片凄凉的时分,我在威治明士德院里排徊,消磨了数小时的光阴。在这古屋的悲壮的外观上,有种情调是正和那气候相称,当时,在我跨进门槛的时候,仿佛是走回到古代的境地之中,把自己消失在前朝黑洞洞的阴子之中了。Vhsion2:矽方谠群,气象耥璐劳莎fl葫瓦早晨的阴影和黄昏的阴影,几乎连接在一起,不可分明,岁月将暮,终日昏暗,我就在这么一天,到西敏寺去散步了几个钟头,古寺巍巍,森森然似有鬼气,和阴沉沉的季候正好调和;我跨进大门,觉得自己已经置身远古,相忘于古人的鬼影之中了。AIthoughmesetwoVerSionscomefromthesameorigiIlal,t11eremuchdif£brencearebe拊eenthem.Forexample,theoriginalsentcnce“(玩彻PD,咖∞P肋西盯n蒯’朋胁盯m口勋以西。耖幽筘跏历P细匏,-脾疗谚口Hfllm再”istraIlslatedinto“在缆税籍旋厨惑疼的_天”inversiononeand“府力缆秕气象席移,赂移防彩,’inversionTⅣorespectively.netranslationofvrersionOneisrestrictedtotheori西nal,onlyexpressingtheliteralmeaningoftheoriginal.Theresultisthatthestyleofthe、,ersionOneisdullandmessywithoutre丑e幽gmeeleg锄ce蛆dchannoftheoriginalawords.(brrespondingly,thereaderscaIlnothavereadingisafcelingmattheyareliterarywork.SotheyloseasenseoftheartisticaestheticswhichoIllyprovidediIlmelite删fywo嫩.But,onthe∞ntrary,besidesexpressingtheinf0]rmationofthevefsionTⅣoofiginala咖mtely,the缸aIlslatorofshows恤elcg姐tandgracefllltonebyusinghisownartisticre.creativeabiIity.Thus,thereaderswh01etext.c锄be甜fectedbytheaestheticsintheEx姗ple5:T1legoldenseaitsmirrorspreadsBeneaththe901densl【ies,Andbutanarrowstfipbetwecnoflandandshadow1ies.1hecloud—likerocks,therock—lil【edoudsDissolvedin出orynoat,砌dmi“叼,o,咖P,访d缸瓜加耐,蜀研黟si妇毋绒e西伽f.(c瓢enLing,2000(6):22)version1:金黄的太阳金黄的海洋,摊开一台明镜,上面的天光也是一片黄金,海岸的大地紧连着他的倒影,沉沉一线,多么接近。云般的岩石,岩石般的云,飘浮在一起,‘灿烂的美景,霞光西射的海中.有一时孤舟。悬挂在郡玩。仿佛没有翔走q、,ersion2:金色的夕阳碧海镜天,金光灿烂无边。天海相接处,沉沉大地一线。岩如云,云如岩,浮影织入五彩绵。乃遒霞光泻.孤舟天际悬,These押oVersionshavemeirownadVantagesanddisadvantagesinthetranslatingofmemood,manneLrhymeandIinglIisticstyleoftheor培i11alrespectively.BllttlledistanceisobViolls.Forexample,t11etranslationsofmeor培inalsentence‘‰dm矗舢缈D,饥em加,lf皿加d,露口碍萨翊毒打缈级P加厨”are杆Du弧姒幽“霞光西射的海中。存一时孤舟.悬挂在鄂)b。仿佛没有dearexamples.In耽rsionone,i£is奶蹙”.ButinⅥ省sionTIⅣo,itistI姐slatedinto“万趟霞必泻j摁为多际窟}”.Asweknowthat,tllestmctIlralcharacteristicsofalinesepoemsaresuccinct,implicative,neatandrhythIIlic.Soinversion0ne,thestmctureofthetfanslationislooseandmerhythmofmatisnotcompact;theVerse,thenuIn_berofcharaderandparallelismareshonoftheneatfomation.ThusthisversionistheonIytotalityofsomeloosesentellces丘omwhichreadersca彻otenjoymepoeticaesthe£icS.Butthetranslator0fVrersio五TⅣo铲aspsthebasiccharactensticsofChinesepoeIns,thataTe:onesollndco玎esp咖dingtoonesound(1eVela堇1dobliquetoneareha脚ony),onewofdcorrespondingtooneword(tllesamecategoriesarematched),thetersencssandforceofthefo地aIldtherefiIledlanguage.Hemakes900duseofllisaesmeticre-creativeability'getdngridoftlleboundafyof也esurfacemeaningoftheoriginaI.V|ersion1Woseemsrh灿InicandendlessafteTtaste,whichgiVesthereadersa蜘dofexquiSiteandspeci8limage移Example6:Tored妇onastu唧ofthominthecentfalValleyofEgdon,be俩eenaftemoonand1i曲t,asnow,wheretheeyecouldreachnothingofthewoddoutsidethesummitsaIldshouldersofheathlandwhichf!i11edthewholedrcumfcrenceofifS四觚ce,andto蛔owasmateverytbingunaltefedas也earound锄dundemeathhadbeenf∞mprehistorictimesstarsoverhead,g卿施触纫咖em跏d谢,1濉鲫曲删韶删d胁n螂耐缈胁P加唧舶掰i批以PM∞shen,1998(4):55)Version1:横卧在艾格登中部的溪谷里面的棒莽中,在午后和晚间的中间,如同现在一样,视线不能到达可以使入看到全貌的荒原的最高处和两端以外的世界,而知道了周围和地下的每一个事物从史前以来便象天空的繁星一样地没有改变,崴会纷于在霓移乒膨届摩掰一份庄严的感觉.恧豆被一种不能挽救的薪的事物所矮恼;Version2:当着下午到黑夜之间,就象现在说的这种时光,跑到艾顿荒原的中心山谷,靠在一棵棘树的残株上面,举目看来,外面的景物,一样也看不见,只有荒丘芜阜,四面环列,同时知道,地上地下,周围一切,都象天上的星辰一样,从鸿蒙开辟以来,就丝毫没生变化.鄂时候.我们这种纷抚予新异的心思;浮沉予无常的情绪.就觉得安定沉稳,有所寄托。Theor婚naltextisalongsentencewhic:hdes两b%thewildemessthet均nslatorto仃anslatewhosestmctureiscomplic缸ed。nismisd强cultforparagr叩h.nestmcttlreoftllewholeversion0neis100∞andslackareexc印tthelevelaIldobliquetoneneatnoth姗ony.ButVcrsion脚o,onthetheparalleliSmcontrary,h舔thefo加ationandusessuch勰“贾彷邀‘掸劈拓于新异膨心思,廖历尹石考够劳第”.Fumlemore,theDronunciationofthethatcharact盯“恁”ismefirstto鹋oftheleveltone如dof‘‘绪’’ist11efounhtoneoftheobliquetone,whichmakesthe41readersreadpleasur,Ibly.SothewholetranslationofvcrsionTwoexDressesboththestyleoftheoriginalaIldthebeautyofChineserhythm,whichismuchbetterthan1V色rsionone.Exanlple7:ThereisalegendaboutabirdwhichsingsjustonceiIlitSljfe,胁。彤硎恻{,,历口露田咿om盯cr阳m朋册胁芎廊c口D,髓口'‘,Dr蹦.Fromthemonlentitleavesmenestitsearchesforathomtree,anddoesnotrestuntilithasfoundone。Then,sin百ngamongt11esavagebrallches,itimpalesitselfuponthela堵estsharpestspine.And,dying,itrisesaboveitsownagonytooutc鲫Dalthelarkandthcnight—gale.onesupedativesong,existencethepr妣.肋f髓P砌。跆w0眦硎b茜D强对聊,a11dGodiIlmsheavensmiles.ForthebestisoIllyboughtatthecostofgreatpain.0rsosaysthelegend.(Yuanwenbin,1999(1):90~91)version1:有一个传说,说的是那么一只鸟儿,它一生只歌唱一次,那歌声比世上一切生灵的歌声都更加优美动昕。捧甍歼巢窝镪繇一贰起,他就在寻找那一颗荆棘树,直到如愿以偿;才歇息下来,然后,她把自己的身体扎进最长、最尖的棘刺上,便在那荒蛮的枝条之间放开了歌喉。在奄奄一息的时刻,他超脱了自生的痛苦,而那歌声竟然使云雀和夜莺都黯然失色。这是一曲无比美好的歌,曲终而命竭。然厉兰鲋。西望男彩茬澎谤}嫩乒障上帝也在苍弯中微笑。因为美好的东西只能用深痛巨创来换取一反正那个传说是这么说的。version2:传说中有一只鸟,毕生只歌唱一次,声赢游移结劳,甜薯煮彻,翅.琥亡历游笙灵都茏栏键圾。离开巢穴的片刻,它就为寻找那棵荆棘树,直到如愿以偿方始体。它钻入荒蛮枝条,身体扎进修长锋利的棘刺中,放开了歌喉。片刻,便奄奄一息,仿佛超脱了自生42的痛苦,云雀和夜莺悄无声息,黯然失色。整爹世男彩在颔.覃黟多只上帝在苍弯中微露笑庸。世间良晨美景难能以深深苦痛来换取—传说如是说。丑脚S.ThestmctIlreoftheoriginalistightandex(1uisite;thestyleofthewritingneori咖alis舶shusisquoted舶mthetitlepageofthenovel删露删rDRⅣsucdnct.舢lofandelegant;thelanguageisnimbleandtheseshowhighvalueof∞smeticappreciation.Let’squotetwo耐ginalsentencesasex跏ples:oneis‘‘J"n比州,e以咖f,谊刀仞秒嘲盯c心口m旭佣theother髓e厨cPo,珈Pw,o,聪”alld强咄口n”.InVefsionis‘田町矾P’.慷D如MD,配觚豇如幻One,theSe觚osentencesaretranslatedinto“嬲歌声绪世上一切生灵的歌声都更加优美动呀”a媳“整令世界都在倾耳聆昕”.Thetranslatorof、,ersionOneisfaithfIlltotheorig王nalexceSsively,whichmakesthevefsionfalliIltot11efonnationoftheorigiJlalsentences,losiIlgthellnderStandingoftheaestheticexperienceofmeo姆nal挑thor.0nthecontr鹕Version~ofemediesthe.shoncomingsofTcxtOne.some醢蕊灿晒噙“声音清悠婉转.刮美凄切,地球上所有生灵都无法媲及”蚰d“登爷西甥彩莅钡缉:黟笏’’afe衄lchbetterth柚thefirStdone.ChapterFourTheLilnitofthe’Ihnslator’sInterpreta廿on“Themeaningofatextistheresllltofthei11teractionbetweenthetextareandthercader.TherightsofthereadcradmissiblebutnotlimiⅡess.’’(zhouⅪaol通g,2002:49)Iser1i|]口itlessfofthetextprovidesindividualhavesays:‘‘nlereader’siIlter|'retationiSnotanameworkwhichenablestotheustoassessrealiz砒ions卸dinterpre忱矗onsinrclationasconmtionsthatgoV唧edthem.”(Iser,1978:x)Andme丘rstrcaderoftheo啦面al,thetranslatorcannotgetaway丘Dmthisrestri鲥on.4.1TheFactorofthe7IbxtFortmnslation,theorte加inology“text’’refcrse“hertome蛆stheorigiIlaltext。theorigillaltcxtt0thetranslatedtext,hereonlynefamoust啪sladontheofistEugeneNidadividestheoftr卸sIatingsourceprocessintofour1aIlguagetotaIgettestingtheparts:“(1)锄alysistext,(2)tr孤sfer丘DmtaIgetlallguage,(3)restructuringillⅡlewimpersonsl强guage,aIld(4)thetranslatedtextwhoar印resentiIltendedaboveaudience.”(Nida,1993:146)wbc锄makewords,thatis,thetaskofthetrallslatoristheconclusion仃哪thcbegi如illgf幻mthe蛐alyzingofori西nalFrenchtext.But,whatisthetcxt?phnosopherPan硒co哪de触esthetemin0109y“text”.“AMocategorieS:oraltextisallydiscoIlrsefixedbywriting."Hedistinguishes“writtendiscourse”and“oraldiscourse"(Ricoeur,1981:145)IIldiscourse,thereistheobViousreferentb帆enthepeoplewho醒etalkingeachothef(AJthoughsometimesmefeferentisnotVeryclear,thosepeoplecalldefinethemeaDjⅡg0fdiscourseeasilybylhe∞n泐npo瑚ysi£ua£i册)。Butinthewrittendiscourse,t11ecircumst孤cechaIlges.Byusingaspecialtemm0109y“dist蚰ciation’,,Ricoeurdesc曲esthedi£6erencebetweenthese押odiscourses.Inhis叩inion,medi鼢enceconstmctsthemaincharacteristicsofthetext:“(1)the钕ationofmeaning,(2)itsdistaIldationffomthementalintentionofme跏thor,(3)thedisplayofn呻·ostensivereferences,and(4)the0f蚴ermoreuniVersal埘唱eitsaddresses.”(碓coeur,1981:210)thefourchmcterist池consistoftheobjectivityofthetextwhichresultsinthesurmise,one—sidednessalldvarietyofthetranslator.4.1.1SunnjseThetextisobjectiveandisnotaffbctedbythepurposeandenvironmentofthewritin舀蛆ditsunderstandiIlgcanIlotbecomprehendedbytalkingtotheorigiIlalauthordirectly.So,themeaniIlgofthetextisdeemedtohaVetoguess.Let’sseethefollowingexaInple:Ex锄Dle8:关关碰鸠,在河之洲,窈窕淑女,君子好求。参差荇莱,左:右统之,(xunJin,2001(1):55—56)V|ersion1:瞅,:膨wf,theirmatesarecalIing,OntheisIetSinthestream.Chasteandmodestmaid!f:itpartnerForour10rd(thyselfwedeem).Waterlilies,longorshortones,鼬P豇咖删^啦彻dse如咖绷愧协.(willi锄Jennings)version2:1飞e晰咖咖w妇wouldcooUponanisletinthebrooks,AladwoIlldliketowooAlasswithprettylooks.Theregrowsthewatergfass,砌P扣船口膳向讲胁p触.(w妇gRongpei)neori咖altextcomes劬m勘础o,PD曲ywhichs印aratecameintobeingabout6山centuryB.C.nissaidmatthisb00kiscompiledbyCorlfucius.But,today,whenreadingthesepoems,weenVironmentwherepoemsareourselvesfIDmtheaswritlen.SowehaVetoguessthemeanillgwemeetsomedifficultpointsinHere。whatiSthepo锄s.tounderstandthea“j骘鹤”?Howthat“』蟛够”iSverb“2藉’’?onMostScholarspoiIltoutkindofospreywhichfcedstb-efishandwhosecharacterisferocious.Itis∞flnictillgthattheimageofthethisbindcanrenecttheimageofshowingillthepoemthroII曲whichtranslatorwantstoexpresstheloVebetweenmecannotdetenIlinewhatbirditboy锄datllegirl.Soweis加donlyusingcommonter卫ninology“腑缸,:膨M嵋”toexpressit.Andtheverb“游”herehas抑。蛳an吨s:onepicl【ing.nerefore,W妇gR舳gpeiofmeisno蚰g,andkggetheuseotherispeoplc’sandJamesthesecondme蚰ingcharactcr‘‘苈”,tr觚slat啦thesentence“名L右搋:之”缸o“册破髓明l埏归口Hd船破啦鲫l—曲t”and“Z孤e如强落脚留如耐幻pi哦”respectively.4.1.2one-sidednessSjncetbetextjsnotres仃ictedtotheau幽or,sjntentionandsbakesofftheenviroIlnlentwhere“iscreated,ithastobe甜fecCedbymereader’sone-side血ess.Just1ikewhat砒coeursays,“asaanindividualmetextmaybereached台omdifEbrentsides.Lil【ecube,oraVolumeinspace,thetextpresentsabelief.Itsdi£ferenttopicsarenotatthes啪e(mcoeur,1981:211)Let’sseethef0Uowingpoem:Ex锄ple9:声考河畔草彩彩园中柳盈盈楼上女应液当窗牖觑缓红粉妆身≯严出素手昔为娼家女今为荡子妇荡子行不归空床难独守G‰nJin,2001(1):56)V色rsion:G旭口肛,g,℃e拧,Thegrassbytheriver-bank.豫ic七,咖f如,T1lewiHowtreesinthegarden.s礤,s饿l,皿eladyiIlmetoweL聊I拓P,’.,矗靠口,Atmecasementwindow.J磁咖,向扣,HerredpowdeI℃dface.Sm口盯,剐矩口露,Sheputsoutherpaleh蛆d.anihldc."onceshewasadancing-housegirl,Nowsheisawanderingman’swife.Thewanderingmanwent,butdidnotItishardalonetokeepanretllm.emptybed.(Anhursaley)111general,misisagoodtraIlslatedversionwhichisfaithfultothe毛^Lilc七”,“jjl目:盔雾”is‘js4面蒯’,,“臌”is“’.慨M,J籼6纽”。But,thecomprehcnsionwhichtheoriginal.F0rex锄ple,“考声’’is‘台即口啊g比伽”,“彩彩”is‘蚀姚tr蛆slatorgivestothecharacters“盈盈"isthedi亩咕rent台omtheoriginalmeaning.Inor远inalpoem,“J蕴妻霜,,referstobeautifLllpostureofthemarriedwomallnotmemelanch01yofhers.Thetranslatorhasthoughtthatthewords“sad,sad”whichhefabricatedcouldrcnecthispitytothewoman.Unfortunately'whatthetranslatordidVi01atestheor远inalauthor’s谢sh.4.1.3Va—etyExcepttheone-sidedllessandsu加1isetotheunderst卸dingoftheobjectivetext,mereis蛆otllerfactor:Variety.IllRicoeur’sopiIlion,thistomanykindsvadetydoesnotrefertoofof唧rehensionsmayambiguityoftheori酉nalbutreferconstmctionsoftheor谵inaltext.“Theworldoftextseeexploremewoddofthe跚thor.,,皿icoe吗1981:135)kt’sthefbllowingex锄ple:10:磋:杀之岔Example齐大饥,黔敖为食于路以待饿者而食之。秀锲孝豢糖髯盾爵贸贸然I栗。黔敖左奉食,右执饮,日:“嗟!来食!”扬其目而视之,曰:“予惟不食嗟来之食,以至于斯也。”从而谢焉。终不食而死。(XunJiIl,2001(1):57)、色rsion1:舶f缸,c蝴P口ndj腑J7nlerewasaseⅣerefamineinQi.QianAohadfDDdreadyattheroadsideforthestarvelingStoeat.A向m触耐m鲫卿阳川础lgg绷.,lg耖,∞V删d硒F扣ceH枷t绕P咖el,F船∞“鼯o,妇硎口,^豇s^o∞皿q,p玩g.HewashahedbyQianAo,whoheldfoodinhislefchand柚ddriJ_Ikinmeright,saying:“HoUa,comeyou”.Themanraisedlliseyesandlookedathiln.IhaVebecomethus锄lybecauseIdon’twant幻eatafl删nggiyen主11suc:hamanneL"hesaid.SoQianAomadeanimmediateapologytohimfornotbeingsopoliteatnrst,butstillthemanrefLlsedtot“(e锄yfood锄ddied、)lrithhungeratlast.(QianGechuan)V毡rsion2:.1砀od.日a以d匆订oHf加Cb忍后唧fNowithappenedthattllerewasa黟eatfaminethIol培houtthestateofQi.AmanbythenameofQi柚Aosetupachadty娃chenontheroadsidetofeedthestaⅣingpassers-byI劢鲥掘矾P口觑f姑秽掰册,加魄如g棚D_躲协姗妇陀d曲D船,例伪口“的',em妇列胁Jl耐P^虹肛卯口nd秽船m酣lcDo勋d蝣HPd脚d妇.晰mabowloffoodinhislefthaIld柚dsoupinhisright,QianAoshouted,“Hey,comeoVerandeat.’’theman印enedwidehiseyesandlooked,mensaid:“Ihavenevereaten强yfoodhaIlded0utincontempt,AndjIIstbecauseofthat,1amnowahungryman,asyousee.,,}Iea血gthis,QianAomadean印ologytohim.BulthemanstillrefIlsedtoeat,andeventuallyhestaⅣedtodeath.mngLiyi)Version3:A胁蹴,.D,嘞棚步Tlllorewasagreatf缸inein也estateofQi.QianAo,arichmanofQi,preparedfoodbytheroadsideformehungrytocome姐deat.4胁肛g伽m口n咖九,慨m口n,触,咖删已cD',阴诚g^函胁耐,^妇舭肋妒删硼删hb^e瞄幻g叫l仃毋妯锄g,'.硷嬲_lg甜矿船d妊矗耐勋owH,^P即加'.Ⅺsgo妇g.Withfoodillhislefthand锄ddrinkinhisri曲t,Qi锄Aohisshoutedathim,starcdat“Heyyou!Comeandeat!"r11leamreducedtothisstatem蛆lif|【edeyes蚰dQi蛆.ajustbeca峪eIrefIlset0takeaIlythingfmmloudmouthedpeoplegivingawayfood."hesaid.Qianimmediatelybeggedhispardonbutthemanstillleftlsedtoeat卸deVentuallystarvedtodeath.(KL.Liu)nethreedi骶renttitlesofversionSexpressthevarietiesoftheunderstanding.QianGequanlitefallyast删骢lates‘‘日。地国me椰d五泐”ofaddressthee冲ressiIlgf0蛐ofwhatsaid(“磋,采裔P).nefom(“磋÷”)containstheimplicationthatisthepejoratlveattitIldewhichisgiventothehllIlgrypeople.SoYangIjyiCb力唧’’whichfooduses‘删胁蒯钮(耽伽cvencanexpIessthisimpli髓tionbetter.KL.Ijuhashisoutownunderstand谊g.Hepointsoutthehungrypeoplerel缸ethehandedc蛆representQianAo’s缈atpersonality蛆ddigIli哆.Thus,wh%o、)lrntrallslatingthe6ne,hestandsthepoiIllofhiscomprehensionaIlduses‘么m口舰,.o,删和幻,”.AnotherthesentenceexaIllple“蒙磁黼照窥然采”.Qi姐Gequ锄translatesemphasizesthehiscrvmimagetow触饥口幽删口如∞“卵D,妯删岛胁置勋船抑玩g)狮dsh锄eofmehllngry.ButMr-Y抽gaddstoas似向朋触以m册镏p鲫谢砒酩谢增幼∞V阴耐^妇,口钟Qi弛Ao,也atis“…跏t暑DDbd蝣”e积d踟’’(“绥揪爵兹”).KL.Liuh弱his蝴understandingthe血ase“卿张潆”which51isd证erentto也e觚t附oVersions,traIlslating“iIlt0“…M嬲愕嬲o,k删肋f砌D_H,w^啪办Pm豁占Dl甥”.4.2TheFactorofTheCont味tthernleword“context”of垮naHycomes加m“ahtin“contcxtus”meaniIlgjoiningtogether”.ThenitaiseV01vediIlto饿emeaning“thewholestmctureofmepanswhichanyconnectedpassageregardedinitsbea血gupon柚yoforconsthteit:thepanswhichimmediatelyprecedepassage0rfollowpaniclllartcxtallddet跏【nineitsmeaning.”(GaoⅪllan,2003:5)1hemleofthecontextisVeryimport柚t.Newmarksays“ContextisoVertheoverridingfactorilla11traIlslation,andhasprhnacytheoryofallyrllle,primarymeaning.”(NewmaTk,2001:80)PD.Julllsays:‘审erh印sof如utteraIlcethemostcommonargIllnentorafor(against)aIlmterpretationpassagef两mbythea1iteraryworkisthattheiIl伦巾retationis(0risnot)thesupportedcontext.”∞D.Jllhl,1972:90).J,kechaspoiIltesimponanceofcontextout“1.oDn刍extfollows:ce对aillambiguitiesoreliIIlina妇嚣multiplemeaningsiIlthemessage.2.Cbntextindic舢esthereferentsofcertailItypesofwordwecalleddeictic(this,that,there,n蜊;tllen,etc.).3.ContextsuppliesinforInationwIlic:hthespeal【er/writerhasomittedthrou曲eIIipSiS”O.kch,1981:67).Amongthecontext’sroleintrallslation.Incategor渤tions,context0fsitIlationm哆saVital1923,Malinows】;【icreatest11ete珊“contextofsituanon"andsays“ExactlyasintherealityofspokenorwrittenlangIlage,a、Ⅳ0rd研thout1ingIlisticc叫textisaameref!igmentandstandsfornothingbyitself,sointherealityofspokenliviIlgtongue,theutterancehasnomeanillgexceptinthecontextofsituation.,,(Malinowsl【i1923:307)InMalinowsl【i’sopinion,the∞ntextofsituationisnecessaryinlhellIlderstalldingofutterances.Andlater,theBritishhislinguiSt,Firm西vesaselaborations姐dmodificatbnstothecontextofsitIladonthef0110willgrelcvalltdim叨sions:“(a)thereleVantfeatIlr鹪ofoftheVerbalapartidp锄ts;(b)也eobjects;and(c)thee髓ctaaction,Finhsays:“Eachwordwhenusedinnewcontcxtisnewword.”(GaoMll髓,2003:6)canThef【lnctionsOfcontextofsitlIationberenectedasf01lows:ontheoneh柚d,winloulunderst姐dcontextofsitllation,itiSverydifE王cultfofthetraIlslatortothed进ercntdiInensionsofthecontextIlalmeallingincomprehensionstage,iIldudingtheauthor’simplication,thestyleandcultIlralbacl【gfound;ontheotllerhand,contextofsituationcanhelpmetr锄slatorLet’sseetoselect印propriatelangllageexpressionin也eta礓etlanguage.thefollowingex锄ple:aaisphilosopher诚htastefofwhatcalled10wlife。Hisf:【rstma玎iagewiththedal础terofthenobleBiIlkieEx砌ple11:SirPiItCrawleywashadbeenmade埘l胁咖e吐H戈p如嚣o,JI如口田硼缸;aIld鹤heaof钯ntoldLadyCrawleyinherlifetin始shewassuchconfoundedquarrelso鹏everh自gll—bredjadematwhenshediedhewash勰gcdifhewouldtal【eanoIherofherson,atherselectedforaladyship’sdemise^P盂磁蜡愚妇p协m妇,andMi8sRoseDawson,d踟gll埯r0fMr.jo|I堇lsecondwifeT.1lOmasDawson,ironmonger,ofMudbury.Whatahappywom蛆wasRosetobemyLadyCrawley!(Yan曲i,1957:127)Version:毕脱.克劳莱爵士为人豁达,喜欢所谓下层阶级的生活。他第一次结婚的时候,摹7父母之命娶了一位贵族小姐.是平葛家里的女儿。克劳莱夫人活着的时候,他就常常当面说她是个讨人嫌的婆子,礼数又足,嘴巴子又碎;并且说等她死了之后,死也不愿意再娶这么~个老婆了。笤澎到捌蔓%妻子去世以后,他就挑了墨特白菜铁器商人约翰汤姆士.道生的女儿露丝.道生做填房。露丝真是好福气,居然做了克劳莱爵士夫人.,玎lechinesemeaIlingofthephrase“Ⅱ砒,.髓P口唧缸PsD,”mcanssentence“在……的支持下;在……的帮助下”.1ftranSlatil培matIiterally,thetranslatorwiIlmakcreaderscoIlfhsewhattheorigillalaumorsays.Byconsidedngthattllispllraseisfmlawedby“ofhisparents”,thetranslatornotcorrespondenⅡyisfaithfultotfall81atesitnleas“摹耿母之∥’.1lllistr姐slationtexlonlyme柚ingof£heor塘inalbutalsoiSaccustomedto廿lecustomarylaIlgll枢euseofreaders.Somistransl砒ionismorcobviously印propriatethan1iteTaItfanslation.4.3TheConsidemtionforthehrgetReadershipsen,erIkdoIllinantgoaloftraIlslatiOnistometaFgetreaders.ItisnotasuccessfIdtranslationifnotwelcomedbyreaders.st,Augustinepointesoutthat“therearethreestyles:plain,clegant0nandsoleInIlforthctranslatoftoof£he托ader.Aplaillchoose.11lechoicewilldependtherequ矾ments哆lewilldoforenligbteningmeInindofgeneralalristians;anelcg锄tstylewillbeemployedforeducatedreaderstosingtheirpfaisesforGod.Ifthe7translationisusedforinstnlctionoradmonishment,thestvleshouldbes01em.Besides,thetranslatortotheneedofcanmeltthetllrees锣lestqgetheraccordingreader.’’(Tanzaixi,2000:36)coincidentally,Lux吼alsoasadVocatesthesameideareaderswhencouldbeSt.AugustiIlethat“thetranslatormustconsiderthosewhoarearct舯slatiIlg.F0rjllStliterate,thetranslationad印tations;forthosewhowell一educated,the仃锄slationshouldbefaithflllrathermanfluent.,’(L肛oXinzhang,1984:288).InShut啪slating踟ck锄雄P音c口跏玎,IjnAmericanwhoisexpressionsaresays:“1Msbookis硼nenbyadeV0utfollowerofrel磷0n.皿en,mostoftherel蟾iolls.Ibegallreaders’pardonformyomittingthemsin∞I锄notabelieverofreli舀on.”(Luo)(inzh锄g,1984:162).CaterformeetiIlgtheneedoftargetreader’srecep帆ec印adtyand牝stheticcIlstom,hemakesomission,additionsandalterationsinhistranslation.T11etr粕slatoronlymeetsacertaillreader’sneed.Hefe,accnainreadermeaIls,“ItisimpossibleforIheHowever,asreadersoftr锄slatoftomeetallreader’st弱tes.th色same印och,theysharesomecommo越ess‘bac蚝mund.”quotebecausetheyliveilltllesamehistofical,sodalaIldcultIlral(zhouxiaoling,2002:41)Fofmyanalysis,here1win衄eiso舭n—quotedp棚鄹耻Itr卸slatedbyYanof跏缸咖露口硝励如(《天演论》)whichFu,a胁ousscholarinlaterStateoftheQingDynasty.露刀阳吵6口scl,匆砂口s譬l删七谚l,k甜,twr0thousandyeafsExample12:ago,beforeCaesarsetf0HDtiIIsoumemBritain,thcwholeco腑缸ysidevisiblefromthewindowsofthemominwhich1writewasinwhatiScalled‘维P蹴把D,MllI陀‘.Exc印t,itmaybe,byraisingafewsepulchralmounds,suchasthosewhichstill,hereandthere,breakthefbllowiIlgcontollrsofthedowns,m口以台玩ndm积P矗D小口,螽啦^翩豇,andthethillhei曲tSa11dtheShelVingsidesofthecoombswasllIla£6Bctedbyhisindust珥、4啉硒A:赫胥黎独处一室之中.在英伦之南.曹m丽骚.槛外诸勇藓历沥勋:庆尼万乃悬想二千年前,当罗马大将恺彻未到时,此间有何景物,计惟有无避荸蹒,久功杀疣£其借征人境者,不过几处荒坟,散见坡陀起伏间,而灌木丛林,蒙茸山麓,未经删治如今日者,见疑也.(严复,1981:1)Y幻Fumakeslotsofomissions,additionsandalterationsinhistranslation.HeusesmanyfbIlr—characterphrases,forexample,“胁P期如o,矗口n‘,℃”istranslatedinto“歹E孟堂.;曼潇”,and“m衄留而I口nd刀l‘ld台珂口J雄硪D订豇’’iIlto“久功采蘑”.Formeetingtlletasteofhisassumedfeaders,YanchaIlgesthesemence-orderaIldrestmctllresthatwithChineselogic,forexanlple,“乃力l‘矽J舀口矗s舒嬲8dl栅…"js£rans】atedint0“彳劳电召置熏窑j目蓉必——室之中.在英伦之角。背由丽野.槛外诸境.两历如在几_F“Inhisprefaceto日岫缸fZ帅彻d届晴缸,1,ani11ustrateScIIat:“IscrivefofelegaIlcenotjusttomakemy仃a胁slation仃avelfar,buttoexpresstheori舀nalwriter’sideabetter,forIfindthesubUethou曲tsarebetterexpressedinvocabllla巧andsynta](ofpre—HanprosethanthoseofthevulgafMitiIlg,wbich,howevcrs堍ht,resultsinVastInisllnderstanding.W已iglliIlgtheprosandcons,Ioptformeformer,asamatterofnecessitynottry幻bedi纸rent。”(Che珏F咄ang,1992:120)YanFu1ivesinaspecialhistoricalandcultllralbad喾roImd.“ThoughYan’spre—H矩prosestyleisnotsuitableforcurrcntreaders,itreaIIyserveshiscontemporaryreaderwell.Tbgetanimmediatesocialeabct,Yhnhastopleasethosewhoareinauthorityandtheclassofliterati.ThisleadshimtouseclassicalChilleseintranslation。Itisnot011lybecauseheiSinclinedtouseclassicalChineSe.butalsobec挑setheclassicalChineseistheo£fidalaIldliterarylanguageatmattime.”(zhouⅪaoliIlg,2003:45)“Fromthisshonparagr印hofYan’stranslation,we啪perceiVethatYan’siIlterpretadonisinfluencedbyhisbackgroundofllistory,sodety,c11ltllre,甜t,1a119Ilageandhisconsiderationofthet砒gctreadershipinpanicularly.nou曲№1fst啪slations撒outofdateatpresent.However,theyenjoyeda静.eatsuccessatmattime.”(zhouxia01ing,2003:47—48)HuShisaysthat“E阳缸砌幌彻dE胁如wass0popular0verthecountrythatitbec锄eareadingnDmmiddlestLldentsonlyafewyearsafteritspublication.”(0uYanZhesheng,1998:70)Condusion“Itisaworldthatisrapidlygrowingsmaller,andintemationalcommunicadonbet、)lreendiffbrentnationsandculturesbecomesmoreandmore矗equent.Astranslationis刚i119moreVitalforthewoddoftoday,出esmdyof衄nslafionalsoneedsfunherdeVelopmentsoast0mal(ebetterco珊哪nication髓dt0impr0Veclllturalcontacts."CYuFengping,2004:53)Amongmanyissuesoftr锄slationstlldy,therciSthcroleofmetranslatorinReceptionAesthe廿cs.Intheforegoingchapters,thethesisreviewsbri∞y铂e证仃oduc‰咀ofReceptionAesthetics锄dthetfallslationprocessaccordiI培tothevie、叩ointofit.K.MNe州ondeeInsthat“amajordi&rencebeMcenrecentliterarythedryandearliercriticalapproachessuchasRu鹞i加Fo加alism,theNewCriticism,alldthefirstphraseofFrenchstmcturalismisthattherehasbeenashiftofemphasistawardsthereaderinmu6hrecenttheory”(Ne科on,1997:187).Here“ashiftofemphasistdw甜dsnlercader”referstoreccption∞smeticsthatisestablishedrelevaIltlyonthebasis0fHermeneuticsandPhenomenology.Itsmajorreprcsen纽dVesareH觚sR0benJauss锄dW01龟angIser’Gemanliteraryhistori锄蚰d恤orists.Breal【ingdawnthctcxt-centeredlinguisticsyst锄,reception∞sthe右csholdsthatthemeaningofaworkiSachieVedin缸ongoingprocessofinterpretationbythereceiver;a11dawork,mercfore,becomesaworkofaniIl也eeventofitsiIlterpretation.Inaddition,theyclaimthat锄ongauthor,work锄drecipient,acertainpdori哆mustbegiventotheroleoftherecipiemasanactiveratherth锄apassiverole.Jauss鹬sertsthat“iIlthetriangleofauthor,workandpublic(reader)thelastisnopassivepart,nochainofmereactionS,butratheritselfanenergy王ofmativeofhistory.Thehistoricalln.eofaliteraryworkisunthiIlkablewithouttheactiveparticipationofitsaddresses.”(Jauss,1982:19)Thenwediscussmedevelopmentoftheroleofthetranslatof丘omthetraditional丹agmentarycommentsofthetmnSlatorto也epresentresearchesofthetranslator’sinitiatiVe.Attheearlystageofmetranslationstudy,thetraIlslatorisseenasthe“slave"oftheauthorand也etr姐slationshouldbefaithfIlltothecompletelyori西nal.Theimponantroleofthetranslatorisne酉ectedunderthattime.Later,alongwiththedeVelopmentoftranslationpfactice,manyt豫nslatorsandlheonstsbegilltoknowt11eimportanceofmereader’snced姐dthevitalroleof也etr孤slator,bomasthespecialreaderandthere—creatiVewriter.Aswehlown,metraIlslatorisaspecialreaderillmetranslationprocess,hisundcrstandillgof也eorigiIlaltextisVeryiInport姐t.neconc印t,histranslatorunderstandsthetextwithhisunderstandingactiv“ieswhichismadeupoffactors1船metrallslator’sd_i|brentcultllralliterarycompetenceandaesmeticcomprehension.Ofcourse,asthereaderoft11eor磷n越teXt,theastranslatortranslatestlleor电inalwim1inlitsandboundssuchmetextandthecontextofthecatlori酉nal,aIldjustconsiderationfortheta玛etreadership.The仃anslatornotdowhatcverhewantstodo.LinⅪlt衄gputsitweU:“thetranslatorshouldbereSponsiblefortheautllor,forthereaderalldfortlleart。”(ho)(inZhang,1984:417).Inaword,anhoughReceptionAesmeticswhichoVeremphaSiz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作者:
学位授予单位:
吴驰
湖南师范大学
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88.杨武能 翻译·解释·阐释 1997(02).杨武能 解释,接受与再创造的循环 1987(06)90.袁洪庚 阐释学与翻译 1991(05)
91.袁文彬 文化、翻译及其审美体验 1999(01)92.喻锋平 翻译主体性研究概观[学位论文]硕士 200493.俞建青 译者在文学翻译中的角色[学位论文]硕士 200194.郑延国 翻译--一门阐释的艺术 1996(01)95.周小玲 论译者对原文文本的解读\" 2002
96.朱健平 现代阐释学和接受美学在我国翻译研究中的运行轨迹[期刊论文]-上海科技翻译 2002(1)
1.学位论文 吴卫元 品牌名称的翻译——接受理论的视角 2006
当今,中国经济正在迅速发展,中国品牌商品已进入国际市场,与国际竞争,品牌名称翻译在国际交流中的重要作用日益凸现。然而,在中国,品牌名称的翻译尚未得到充分的重视。作为广告翻译中的一个重要部分,品牌名称的翻译有着它自己的内在规律,因而需要对它进行系统的研究。本文从一个新的视角即接受美学理论出发探讨品牌名的翻译,包括其翻译原则,翻译方法和翻译效果,目的在于帮助提高品牌名称的翻译质量,有利于企业树立良好的品牌形象。
接受理论又称接受美学,起源于一种文学批评理论,以姚斯和沃尔夫纲为代表人物,以现象美学和阐释学为基础。该理论的核心是“读者中心论”。它倡导以人的接受为依据研究文学,把作品与读者的关系放到文学研究的首位来考察。以读者为中心、强调读者的期待视野、实现读者的期待视野与文本相融合等观点,对于品牌名称的翻译具有重要的实践意义,弥补了纯语言学理论忽视读者的接受心理和审美等因素所带来的不足,而且还可作为翻译中的功能对等理论的基础。按照接受美学,译者应遵循以消费者为中心、忠实于原文、消费者期待视野与原文文本相融合的原则,灵活地采取诸如音译、直译、改译和音义兼译等各种译法,对文化、审美等方面的差异进行处理,一方面尽量保留和传达原文特有的信息和形象,另一方面设身处地地考虑读者的接受能力,为其开拓更宽的可实现的期待视野。
本文共分为六个部分:引言部分简要地分析了当前国内外品牌名称翻译研究的状况,介绍了本文的写作目的和写作意义。
第一章通过对比奈达的功能对等理论与接受美学的异同,阐明了本文的理论框架—由姚斯和沃尔夫纲提出的接受美学及基于此的功能对等理论,并粗略介绍了接受美学理论中三个重要的概念:读者的期待视野,视野融合和视野变化。 第二章首先综述了古今中外重要学者对品牌和品牌名称的定义,阐述了中英商标命名的差异,进而指出命名差异对品牌名称翻译的意义。
由于中英品牌命名的差异,第三章提出了品牌名称翻译所遵循的三个原则:消费者为中心,忠实于原文,消费者期待视野与原文文本相融合的原则,并进行了一系列的实例分析。
第四章主要介绍了接受美学理论指导下的品牌名称翻译实践。首先阐述了品牌名称翻译的四种方法:音译、直译、改译和音义兼译,然后阐述了品牌名称翻译所需达到的四种效果:即信息价值、文化价值、审美价值和商业价值的实现。 结论部分指出了本文研究的局限性,但总体来讲,本文提出了品牌名称的翻译的新视角,有利于我国品牌名称翻译质量的提高,并可望对品牌名称设计的国际化具有较大的帮助。
2.期刊论文 李红侠 从接受美学及接受理论谈图书资料工作的管理 -图书与情报2005(4)
文章从接受美学与接受理论的角度谈图书资料工作的管理模式,介绍\"接受论\"的走向读者、期待视界、空白与空缺和审美经验三范畴(创造(poesies),美觉(aesthesis),净化(catharsis))等学术观,阐述了这些学术观对图书资料管理的启示.
3.期刊论文 孟昭毅 接受美学对比较文学的浸润 -外国文学研究2002(3)
接受美学被引进比较文学领域以后,形成比较文学的一种新的研究方法——接受研究。它与传统的影响研究既有联系,又有区别。联系在于二者都考察文学接受者的反应,区别在于影响研究主要致力于影响的放送与影响表现的研究;而接受研究则重在探索接受者受异域作品作用的情境。从“影响”的界定到“影响”的被承认;从“接受美学”的介入到“接受理论”、“接受研究”、“读者”等的研究,无不表明比较文学作为一门富有生命力的学科,从本体理论上不断追求自我完善的努力。
4.学位论文 皮继伟 接受理论视角下的广告翻译 2008
随着国际贸易和公司的飞速发展,广告翻译在国际交流中的重要作用日益凸现。它对于推动我国企业应对经济全球化的挑战,开拓国际市场,让中国了解世界都具有重要而深远的意义。然而,在传统翻译理论指导下的广告翻译的研究却远远不能满足社会的需求。
在当前的广告翻译中存在许多问题。其中最大的问题就是译者单纯从语言学的角度来研究广告翻译。实际上,广告是一种实用文体,它涉及到语言学、美学、心理学和社会学等许多方面。鉴于这一点,译者在广告翻译时不应只考虑文本的信息功能,而也应考虑到它的社会功能和美学功能。只有这样,才能达到促销这一广告的最终目的。因此在广告翻译中,跨学科研究是必要的。本文中作者将从接受理论的角度探讨广告翻译。
二十世纪六、七十年代在德国兴起了一种文艺批评理论--接受美学。该理论给广告翻译指出了明确的方向。接受美学又称接受理论,它以现象学、美学和阐释学为基础,其代表人物为汉斯·(绕)斯(Hans Robert Jauss)和沃尔夫冈·伊泽尔(Wolfgang Iser)。该理论与传统的作者中心论和原著中心论不同,它提出了读者中心论。接受美学理论认为,作者-作品-读者所形成的总体关系中,读者绝不是可有可无的因素。离开了读者的审美接受,作品就没有了现实意义。实际上,一个译本是否成功在很大程度上取决于译者对译本的潜在读者接受的感知程度。因此,作者认为在广告翻译中必须高度重视译者的主体性和读者的地位。
本文首先简要回顾了接受美学的概况,着重介绍了文本意义的不确定性,读者的地位和期待视野;接着进一步总结了中西广告的文化差异及其重要性。译者无论是在坚持翻译理论研究还是从事广告翻译实践都不可忽略文化这一方面,因为文化也影响着翻译策略和方法的选择。
然后,本文探讨了接受理论用于广告翻译的可行性、过程以及对广告翻译的具体启示,指出了三点:翻译过程汇总应把接受者视为主体,充分调动接受者的审美体验;翻译中要把握读者的能动性,使译者和读者在视野上相互融合;要注重译文读者的接受性,避免产生译文读者的文化误读。
最后,本文从接受理论着眼,探讨了广告翻译的原则、策略和译法的选择。其中总的原则是译文要忠实于原文的信息,注重读者的接受。就翻译策略而言,译文一般采取适度“归化”的策略。只有“归化”的译文才能达到广告翻译的目的,符合广告文体自身功能的要求,增进商品销售,促进经济繁荣。至于广告翻译的方法,本文对此分别讨论了直译、意译、仿拟、转译、音译、增译、省译和改译共八种方法。
5.期刊论文 吴结评.WU Jie-ping 接受理论的中国化历程 -宜宾学院学报2007,7(2)
本文回顾了接受美学在中国的译介、传播与研究三个阶段的发展过程,分析了各阶段的不同特征,并从接受美学的单向引进到双向交流的互证互补的较为漫长的发展历程中,总结归纳了接受美学\"在中国\"开始走向\"中国化\"的前提、特征及其现实意义.
6.学位论文 刘东建 思想政治教育中的灌输与接受 2002
本文以思想政治教育中的灌输与接受理论为研究对象,结合新的形势与新的实践,对这一对范畴进行了初步的探索。在保持思想政治教育优良传统的基础上,本文大胆借鉴诸如接受美学、大众传播学、社会学、心理学等多门学科的最新研究成果。充分利用各种理论资源的优势,进行了多角度、多层面的综合性研究。全文共三万余字,除导言外,主要分为五个部分,文章第一部分为灌输理论的历史考察与内涵;第二部分为市场经济条件下要创造性地坚持灌输理论;提出要创新机制,借鉴接受理论。第三部分为接受理论的历史考察及内涵;第四部分为接受理论对思想政治工作的启示。全文在对灌输与接受理论进行深入探讨的基础上,尤其对接受理论及其启示作了较大篇幅的论述。第五部分,也即结论部分,提出了灌输与接受,教育者与受教育者相统一——授受合一的理论,进而倡导一种参与式的、开放式的、双主体的和以人为本的思想政治工作新模式。
7.期刊论文 侯素琴 姚斯和伊瑟尔的接受理论与文学批评异同析 -理论导刊2009(4)
20世纪60年代,接受美学理论风靡文学批评界,主要代表人物是汉斯·罗伯特·姚斯和沃尔夫冈·伊瑟尔.他们各自的美学接受理论在研究方向、理论来源以及中心理论方面各有不同,但二者都对文学批评产生了巨大影响.
8.学位论文 刘姝虹 接受理论视角下的文学作品复译现象——《大卫·科波菲尔》三个中译本对比研究 2009
众所周知,文学批评理论的发展极大的扩大了翻译研究的领域,将其与翻译问题结合是翻译研究的一种趋势。复译是翻译领域的一个常见问题。本文作者拟将运用接受理论来研究探讨这一问题。接受理论产生于20世纪60年代的德国,是近代最具有影响力的文学批评理论,因为其新颖的观点独特的视角对翻译研究也产生了巨大影响。传统的翻译研究局限于如何追求标准的译本和寻求原作与译作之间的完全对等。而接受美学十分强调原作—读者关系,尤其是读者参与的重要性。
本文作者将围绕接受理论中的两个重要概念展开讨论,即“期待视野”和“意义的不确定性”。这两个概念分别由康斯坦派的两位杰出代表H.R.姚斯和W.伊赛尔提出。姚斯认为,“期待视野”是人类经验和知识的动态积累。读者在阅读活动开始之前一定会有预定的理解能力和知识积累。另外,“期待视野”并不是一成不变的,它随着时间的推移,社会的发展而不断变化。在文学翻译中,文本与译者期待视野的不同,以及读者期待视野对翻译的影响不可避免的造成译作间的差异和译者对原作的不同阐释。同时,接受理论也认为文学作品并不是封闭的,而具有开放性,其意义包含许多“不定点”,需要读者的参与,即读者的阅读活动,其意义才会展开完整。这个过程也称之为“视野融合”。
基于这些观点,本文作者将运用接受理论来探讨文学翻译中的复译现象,目的是论证复译的必要性,必然性以及意义。为使阐释更加具体,作者以英国著名小说《大卫·科波菲尔》为案例研究对象。此小说的三个最为读者接受的中文译本将被用来作对比研究,目的不在于评析三个译本孰优孰劣,而是彰显三个译本之间的不同点以及各自的特征,并在分析这些不同点背后的原因基础上,尝试阐发复译现象存在的理论依据和复译的必要性。
整篇论文将围绕以下三点来进行论述:(1)文本具有开放性,允许不同的阐释;(2)文学翻译是一个结合不同主体的期待视野的过程;(3)译者和目标读者的接受需求和能力将影响文学翻译作品的存在和发展。
9.期刊论文 尹红斌 接受理论对新课改中阅读教学的启示 -文教资料2007(15)
接受美学的代表人物伊瑟尔在其著名的论文《文学的召唤结构》中提出:文学作品中包含着许多意义空白与意义未定性,是\"召唤结构\.三种切入方式:1.启动学生的\"心理图式\
10.学位论文 张鲁艳 从接受美学的角度看儿童文学的英汉翻译 2006
儿童文学翻译无论在中国还是在西方都处于文学多元系统的边缘领域。由于外国儿童文学的翻译对中国儿童文学的诞生和发展具有重要意义,应该在中国引起足够的重视。儿童文学是专为儿童创作的文学,而儿童在年龄、心理、性格和阅读能力上与一般读者有着巨大的差别。儿童文学翻译也是以儿童为目标读者的,译者面临着既保存原作趣味又要把它传递给另一文化的儿童读者的挑战。正是由于目标读者的特殊性,引入了接受理论来研究儿童文学翻译。接受理论大大提升了译者与译文读者的地位和作用,强调了他们在翻译和理解过程中的积极参与和创造。译者应该致力于译出符合译文读者期待视野的合适的译本。具体地说,译者应该特别关注儿童文学的语体问题、儿童的心理情绪发展以及两种语言的文化差异,译者可以采用多种方法来处理翻译过程中出现的问题特别是文化问题。论文最后得出结论:接受理论在解释儿童文学翻译上是可行的、合理的,但也有一定的局限性,那就是它导致了在判断译本的好坏时没有客观的标准。论文由三部分组成,其内容如下: 第一部分为引言。介绍了论文的研究背景、研究问题及研究意义。 第二部分是正文,包括五个章节。
第一章回顾了西方儿童文学的发展以及儿童文学翻译在中国的状况。对儿童概念的不同理解产生了不同的儿童文学,儿童文学的翻译极大地影响了中国儿童文学的发展。 第二章介绍了接受理论产生的根源和主要内容及怎样被应用于文学翻译。
第三章探讨了译者在翻译实践中为了达到符合译文读者的接受能力的要求应该考虑的两大问题。一是儿童文学有自身的语体特征,语言应该口语化,并且浅显易懂以符合儿童对语言的要求。二是考虑儿童的心理情绪发展状况并在翻译中重现童趣,译者可以从词汇、语法和修辞三个方面在译文中移植、创造童趣。
第四章致力于翻译这种跨文化交际活动中文化条款的解决。从接受理论的角度来看,目标文本的儿童读者参与了文本意义的理解和确定。过多的异质成分会破坏他们的阅读兴趣,因此,在儿童文学翻译中应该选择合适的翻译策略。本章还讨论了出现在《爱丽思漫游奇境记》中的一些专有名词的翻译,同时列出了几种处理文化成分的方法。 第五章是总结。指出儿童文学翻译的讨论有助于了解儿童文学的翻译规范和创作规范,同时指出接受理论对儿童文学的翻译研究是有用的,但还具有一定的局限性。
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