专四语法整理

非谓语动词

* admit to (承认), approach to （方法），object to(反对), contribute to(起作用) , confess to (承认), resort to (求助于), reconcile to (顺从于), revert to(重新开始) submit to (忍受), swear to (断言)，take to（开始从事）be used to (习惯于)，look forward to，oppose to (反对)中的to 都是介词而不是不定式。

冠 词

* 不定冠词位置

不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意： a. 位于下列词之后：such，what，many，half， I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job.

b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形

容词之后：

It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance.

c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。

如：quite a lot

情 态 动 词

* may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”，与had better相近； Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train. * cannot / can’t„too „“越„„越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot„over„. 如：

You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 驾车时越小心越好。

The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .

* should 除了“应该”一层意思外，还有“竟然”的意思。

I did not expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。

主动语态和被动语态

* 主动形式表示被动意义

wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive… The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。 blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent

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I was to blame for the accident. Much work remains.

* 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ，两种形式都表达被动的意义 The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted. The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.

形容词、副词及比较级最高级

* 形容词和副词比较级的形式应和比较连词对应出现。如：

Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often _________, or better than an actual performance.

[A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as

* 比较的成分应该属于同类事物或同类概念，比较要具有可比性。如：

The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half ________. [A] of last year’s [B]those of last year’s [C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’s * 比较级与倍数词关系及其位置

原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词，表示为“为„.若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等，他们的位置是，倍数词+as„as„,或倍数词+more„than„，但again一般放在原级词之后，即as+原级＋again+as 如： （1）Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills _____ people each year than automobile

accidents.

[A] seven more times [B] seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times （2）“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid

_____ for it.”

[A] twice so much [B] twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice

(3) My uncle is as old again as I am. 我舅舅年纪比我大一倍。 * 下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：

inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than. 如：

（1）Their watch is ______ to all the other watches on the market.

[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial （2）Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. * 有关比较级的特殊句型：

△ not so much„as„ 与其说„„不如说„„

(1) The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates ____ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

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[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or △ no/not any more„than„两者一样都不„„

(1) The heart is _____ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. [A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more （心脏和胃两者都不具有智力，他们都受大脑控制）。

(2) There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take ________ they can limit

how much water you drink.

[A] much more than [B] no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than

△ no/not any less„than„两者一样,都„„注意基本上与no/not any more„than意思相反

She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮 △ just as„so„ 正如„„， „„也„„（用倒装结构）

(1) Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ________ the atmosphere. [A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is * 平行结构与比较级

平行结构测试时候注意以下几点：

1. 注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如： It is better to die one’s feet than _____.

[A]living on one’s knees [B]live on one’s knees [C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees 2. 其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。 （1） rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：

We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ________ in a personal style.

[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than

（2）For the new country to survive, ____ for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.

[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say

3. 如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：

At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.

代词及其指代一致

* 代词的指代

△ that的指代作用

that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用those），后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如：

Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.. 这里that指代前面的the role。 No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor. △ one的指代作用

one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。

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如：

(1) A good writer is ______ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. [A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this do的替代作用。

△ do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：

For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.

* 代词指代一致问题 △ 邻近和靠近原则

由either „ or, neither „ nor, not only „ but (also)连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。 Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.

Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination

主谓一致问题 谓语用单数情况

* 表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。

Two weeks was too long.

Five times five makes twenty five.

* 一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候，谓语用复数，但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念，谓语用单数：

law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉

the needle and thread 针线 trial and error 反复尝试，不断摸索 horse and carriage 马车 time and tide 岁月

bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮涨潮落 如：If law and order _____ not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. A. is B. are C. was d. were

* 表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式，作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式 Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.

* 有些名词形式上是复数，意义上是单数，根据意义一致原则动词用单数 The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us

A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.

谓语用复数情况

* 由and, both „and, 连接的并列主语，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式。

Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.

* 不可数名词作主语，其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数 Three million tons of coal were exported that year

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谓语动词可用单数，也可以用复数的情况

就近一致原则 这种情况下，谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数，存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能：

* 由连词 either„or„, neither„nor„, whether„ or„, not only„but (also) ;or 等连接的并列主语

Neither money nor fame has influence on me Not only you but also he is wrong

在倒装结构中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致

Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman. Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.

* 主语带有（together/along）with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致

Professor Taylor, with six of his students, is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.

* 集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数，当表示整体时候，谓语动词就用单数，当强调集体中的个体时候，谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如：army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop. Crowd, firm, family 等等 The family is the basic unit of our society The family were watching the TV The audience was enormous

The audience were greatly moved at the words

定 语 从 句

what用法要点

* what money 相当于all the money that 在其引导的从句中还可以作定语

The father gave what money he had to his son. (=all the money that)

We’ve decided to give you what help we can. (=any help that, as much help as) What songs he has learned are about love. (=all the songs that) * what is with„ and what with

意思为 “半因„半因”, 表示原因, 后一个what with 可省略

What with continual rain and (what with) a bad hotel, we didn’t enjoy our holiday much. 由于连续下雨,旅馆又不好, 我们的假日过得不怎么愉快。

what by„ and what by„ 意为 “半靠„半靠„”表示方式, 后一个what by可省略 What by threats, and (what by) entreaties, he gained his purpose. 半靠威胁, 半靠恳求, 他达到了目的。 * what is called

what is called, what we call 和 what you call 表示 “所谓的”， 有时含贬义。 He is what is called a “child prodigy”. 他就是所谓的神童。

状 语 从 句

* as soon as, the moment, directly, immediately, presently, once, the instant

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这几个连词引导的从句都表示从句动作一发生，主句动作随之发生，通常译为“一„就” 类似连词还有 the instant, the first time, the day, the week, the year, the afternoon等等。如： They told me the news immediately they got the message. She came to the scene the moment she heard of the accident. * where… there… 表示 “如果…… 则， 若……则”。

Where there is no fire, there is no smoke. Where there is a will, there is a way.

* She’s on the wrong side of fifty if a day中的if不表示条件，而是对年龄，重量，身高，价值，数量等进行强调，意思为“一定，至少，无论如何”

He’s on the wrong side of fifty if a day. (= He’s certainly over fifty) The army is 100,000 if a man. (= The army is at any rate over 100, 000.) * not…because 本结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句

The country is not strong because it is large.

= The country is strong not because it is large. 国强不在大。 * not that… but that…

这种结构意为“不是因为，而是因为”。

Not that I don’t like the film, but that I have no time for it. 不是因为我不喜欢这部电影，而是因为我没时间去看。

* not but that (what) 这个短语相当于though

I can’t help him, not but I pity him. 虽然我同情他，但却不能帮助他。 I’ve never walked that far, not but what I could do it if I tried. 我从未走那么远，虽然我要走还是可以走的。 * 动词＋what, where, how, which, when, …+will (may)

Come when you will, you will find her in the study. 无论什么时候来，你总会在书房里找到她。

* be+主语＋ever so+形容词

Be a man ever so learned, he ought not to be proud. 一个人不管多么有学问，也不应该骄傲。

* notwithstanding that 这个短语表示“虽然”， 相当于though或although, that可省略

She is not content notwithstanding (that) she has a large fortune. * admitting (that)和assuming (that) 即使

Admitting (that) it is so, you are still in the wrong. 即使情况如此，你还是错了。 * so much…that 和 so much so that 比so… that和so that在语气上更强。

She is poor, so much so that she had to go begging. 她很穷，穷得不得不去讨饭。 She is so much tired that she couldn’t walk on. * but, but that和but what

如果主句含有never, never so, not so, not such等否定词，可用but, but that或but what引导表示结果的状语从句，构成双重否定，相当于that…not或unless，可译为“没有…不”。 She is not so old but that she can read. 她并未老到不能读书。 (＝She is not so old that she can not read. = She is not too old to read. )

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