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Preliminary Research on Regional Material Flow Analysis: A Case Study of Chengyang District in

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维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com June2008 Journal ofNortheast Agricultural University 、b1.15 No.2 41—47 Preliminary Research on Regional Material Flow Analysis:A Case Study of Chengyang District in Qingdao ZHOU Zhenfeng ,and SUN Lei College ofResources and Environment,Qingdao Agricultural University,Qingdao 266109,Shandong,China schoo1 ofEnvironmental Science and Engineering,Ocean University ofChina,Qingdao 266003,Shandong,China Abstract:The method“Material Flow Analysis(MFA)”is one of the effective tools to study law and quantiifcation of material flow between ecOnOmic svstem and ecological system.On the national level,economy—wide material lfow analysis has been published for a nu珈ber of countries.However,published studies oil the regional or local level are still very limited and a standardized method does nOt exist vet.0n the basis of rfamework of Material Flow Analysis proposed by Eurostat,the paper collected related data nad analyzed materia1 input and output for the Chengyang district in Qingdao.The results showed that DMI(Direct Mateiral Input)and TMR(Total Material Requirement in absolute number increased about 3.6 and 3.9 times,respectively from 1995 to 2004.Fossil fuel and mineral con打ibuted to about 50-3%一76-3%of DMI.Impo ̄s of material increased about 5.0 times and became the most important Contributor to DMI.which showed that local economic growth was highly dependent on resources rfom other regions and countries.DPO(Domestic Processed 0utput、and TDO fTotal Domestic Output)represent slow increasing rtend,and DPO contributed to 22.2%一58.1%ofTDO, suggesting local hidden lfows were of obvious effect on TDO.The biggest component of DPO is CO2,approximately accountnig for 90%ofDPO.The material productivity increased 57.7%in last decade,reflecting improvement ofefifciency ofresources utilization in some extent.However,compared to developed countires and regions,material productivity of Chengyang district was relatively low. Therefore,in order to promote the sustainability,it is essential to develop circular economy and enhance materials productiviyt. Key words:material lfow analysis,DMI,TMR,material productivity CLC number:F062.1 Document code:A Article ID;1006—8104(2008)一02—0041—07 the environment.in which the economy is an embedd— lntroduction ed subsystem of hte environment and dependent on a constant throughput of materials and energys.Raw With the implement of hte sustainable development in materials,water and air are extracted from the natural many regions throughout the world,approaches to— system as inputs,transformed into products and finally wards achieving improved resources management and re—transferred to the natural system as outputs(waste environmental quality have evolved rapidly over the and emissions).The purpose of MFA is to follow and past few decades.The method‘'Material Flow Analy— quantify the lfow of materials in a defined siutation and sis(MFA)”is one of effective tools to manage the re— over a set period of timep1.In industrialized countries, source consumption and to leave unpolluted ecosy— MFA is proved to be a suitable instrument for early re— stems to furore generations【』J.The principle concept till— cognition of environmental problems and development derlying the economy—wide MFA approach is a simple of solutions to these problemsC 一们. model of the interrelation between the economy and On the national leve1.economy—wide material flow Received 21 September 2007 Supported by Qingdao Agriculutral Universiyt Research Fund(630707) ZHOU Zhenfeng(1978一),male,Ph.D candidate,engaged in the research ofenvironmental planning nad management. http://publish.FIoau.edu.CFI 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

・42・ Journal ofNortheastAgricultural University 、,01.15 No.2 2008 analysis has been published or is currently in progress the methodology adopted by Eurostat[18].The whole for a number of countries including Germany,Japan, Chengyang district economy including production and the Netherlands.the United States.China.etc[ 一 .On consumption activities was considered as a single black the regional or local level,MFA has been considered box.Only flows that cross the system boundaries of as an important scientific tool on the way of regional the economy to nature or other economies were record— and local sustainable development.Several empirical ed and flows within the economy itself were not con- regional MFA studies have been carried out in the sidered. past[11-16],and the studies focus on the methods and data sources.Within the MFA of the Basque country,the Classificati0n 0f materials Total Material Requirement(TMR)has been calculated Due to shortage of natural resources,there is limited from 1989 to 1998[1s].The methOd of regional materia1 extraction activities including agriculture and quarry— lfow analysis has been changed in three major points ing in Chengyang district.According to above resources concerning the calculation of erosion,excavation and characteristics,materials from local extraction(used) imports with regard to the specific characteristics of can be classified into two main subgroups of biomass hte Basque country.Three regional MFAs have been and nonmetals;imports from others regions can be carried out in Bolivia,Columbia and Brazil,which classiifed into four main subgroups such as fossil fuel, do not follow a method similar to MFA on nationa1 biomass,minerals,semi—manufactured and finished levels[13].The studies focus on single important in— products;outputs to the environment include emiss— put and stocks categories and therefore do not accotmt ions to air,water,wastes deposited in landfills and overal1 indicators 1ike DMI or TMR.But in Ruhr Area, materials dispersed into the environment as a result DMI and TMR are calculated and compared with re— of product use(dissipative lfows).In order to reduce suits from North—Rhine—Westphalia and Germany[13].In complexity of accounting,input of water and air was China,the researchers analyzed the amount and struc— not considered in the study. utre of direct material input from 1 978 to 2002 and the pollution output from 1996 to 2002 in guiyang[17].All Data compilation in al1.compared to the large number of MFA studies Provided a sufifcient availability of data,the regional on the national level,published studies on the regional MFA of Chengyang district was compiled in a time or local level in China arc still very limited nad a stan— series from 1995 to 2004.The period of 10 years was dardized method such as presented by Eurostat for the long enough to capture recent changes in the regional national level does not exist yet. metabolic profile and to analyze impacts of economic The main purpose of this paper is to use material development modes on regional material flows. lfow analysis tool to study the material input and out— Data on local extraction was obtained from Sta— put of Chengyang district in Qingdao.Firstly,we brie— tistical Annual and Planning of Mineral Resources of lfy described methodology of regional material flow Chengyang District.In some cases,data was expressed analysis.Then several indicators of regional material in non conventional weight units and conversion fac— lfow were analyzed in detail and some valuable con— tors had to be applied before they could be processed. clusions were drawn in the end of hte paper. Affected by statistic system,some data is not avai— lable from ofifcial statistical sources,especially the Description of Methodology data on imports and exports.Therefore,in many sutdies, ofifcial data had to be completed either by data ob— Framework of analysis tained through personal communication nad interviews The framework used in this sutdy was consistent with with actors in the region or through the application E-mail:xuebaoenglish@neau.edu.cn 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

ZHOU Zhenfeng el a1.Preliminary Research on Regional Material Flow Analysis:A Case Smdy of Chengyang Distirct in Qingdao .43’ of estimation methodsE .In the study,most of scale Of hidden flows on marble and clay in Taiwan ̄ Data .enterprises were chosen to investigate material sources and product distribution by questionnaire.Then data on imports and exports could be estimated by applying on soil loss by erosion was obtained from related report of soil conservation provide by local Forest Agency.Excavation flows were associated with new 一 一一盘矗瓮g II 0investigated results. roads and building construction,whose multipliers and Data on emissions to air,water and wastes deposited coefifcients were obtained rfom Poldy et af。….Hidden in landfills was obtained from Report on Environment— lfows associated with imports including fossil fuel, al Quality of Chengyang District provided by local mineral,semi—manufactured and finished products Protection Agency.In the study,loss of fertilizer and were estimated by applying coefifcients provided by pesticides was considered as main dissipative material, Wuppertal Instiutte[ ’。”. whose amount was estimated according to average level of utilization efifciency in our country. Results and Analysis In China,it is a new field to study material flow and accurate estimation of hidden flow is impossible,so Analysis of material input hidden flow is determined by coefifcients of hidden As shown in Fig.1.DMI in absolute numbers increased lfows used widely in foreign studies .According rfom about l926.2 kt in 1995 to about 8901.5 kt in to resources state of Chengyang district,local hidden 2004。and increased by 1 6.5%every year.The main lfows include agricultural waste,unused non—min— components Of DM1 were fossil fuel and minerals. erals,soil erosion and excavation of infrastructure con— approximately accounting for 50-3%一76-3%Of DMI. struction.Main component of agricultural waste is With development of industrial economy in recent straw,whose yield is considered as hidden flow asso— ten years,the demand of fossil fuel and construction ciated with agriculture due to low utilization of local material for infrastructure increases quicklN so these straw in Chengyang district.Hidden flows of local two kinds of materials become the main contribution non—minerals are estimated by applying coefifcients ofDMI. 0 000 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1995 1996 l997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Y翩 Fig.1 Composition of DMI in Chengyang district from 1995 to 2004 Due to 1imited natura1 resources in Chengyang dis— that economic growth of Chengyang district was high— trict,amount of 1oca1 extraction is relatively 1ow and ly dependent on resources from other regions. can’t meet the need of industria1 development.So a TMR of Chengyang district from 1 995 to 2004 is great deal of imports from other regions.In last de— showninFig.2. . cade,imports increased about 5 times and the contri— As shown in Fig.2,TMR in absolute numbers in— bution to DMI arrived 7 1.45%in 2004.which revealed creased from about 6797.4 kt in】995 to about 33078.7 kt httO:#publish.neau.edu.cn 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

・44・ Journal ofNortheastAgricultural University 、,o1.15 No.2 2008 in 2004.and increased by 1 7-3%every year.TMR re— about 52.7%一8 1.3%.These two kinds of material are imported mostly from other regions,SO hidden flows of material input derive from outside,which is helpful to protection of local ecological environment but causes high environmental pressure on other regions. presents small lfuctuation in 1996 and 2001,due to high local hidden flows from excavation of new roads in l 996 and 200 1.Fossil fuel and minerals were the main components of TMR,whose contribution to TMR was (】 一B1 g =l口 0g 如 O 加 ∞ ∞ O O ∞ O O ∞ O ∞ 一 一一B1.I 鲫加∞trend of wastes deposited in landflls IS related with Analysis of material output DP0 in absolute number increased from about 548.2 kt in 1995 to about 1 546.5 kt in 2004.and increased 1.8 times.The share of emission of CO2 in DPO was above 90%,similar with study in industrial countriesE9-10]. growth of population and improvement of living stan— dard.Due to reduce of farmland and development of organic agriculture in Chengyang district,consumption of fertilizers and pesticides are controlled gradually. Emission to air and water reduces obviously,which is possibly related to stict management of rlocal environ— mental protection agency and improvement of tech— nology on pollution contro1. As indicated in Fig.3.waste deposited in landfills was the main component and approximately accountd for 47.4%一9 1.8%of DPO excluding CO2.The increasing 目Emission to air 衄Emission to water l995 l996 l997 l998 l999 Yerdr 2000 200l 2002 2003 2004 Fig.3 Composition of DPO(excluding CO2)in Chengyang district from 1995 to 2004 The composition of TDO is shown in Fig.4.TDO in absolute number increased from about l 277.6 kt in 1995 to about 3 369.1 kt in 2004.and increased 1.6 times.The share of DPO in TDO fluctuated between E—mail:xuebaOengIish@neau.edu.crl 22.2%and 58.1%.Emission to air accounted for 20.7%一554%oflocal total material output due to high emission of CO2.With decline of agricultural produc— tion,soil erosion was improved gradually.Unused 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com ZHOU Zhenfeng et a1.Preliminary Research on Regional Material Flow Analysis:A Case Study of Chengyang District in Qingdao ・45・ local extraction mainly includes hidden flows from Obvious fluctuation of TDO in 1 996 and 200 1 was agricultural production and mineral exploitation,and caused by excavation of new roads,which indicat— represents increasing trend,possibly affected by grow— ed that local hidden flows played an important role in th of construction materials exploitation. TD0. 5 000 4 500 4 000 3 500 亘3 000 2 500 星2 000 《 I 500 1 000 500 O 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year Fig・4 Composition of TDO in Chcngyang district from 1995 to 2004 ten years in Chengyang district.As shown in Fig.5, Analysis of material productivity material productivity of developed countries and re— The material productivity(actual GDP per TMR)is gions was above 1 000 RMB・t and even higher than expressed for the output or value added generated per 3 000 RMB・t , .Though material productivitv unit of material used,which increased 57.7%from in Chengyang disrtict is higher than the average level 1995 to 2004(Fig.5).The trend indicates efifciency of of our country , ,。。 it is still lower than that of the resources utilization has improved obviously in recent developed countries and regions obviously. 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 O 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 Year 卜United States +Britain _._Czech Republic +Hungary +China Li,et口,) +China ̄。。 (Chen,Pt口n —China (Gu,et口,)_,卜Basque country +Taiwan —}Chengyang district Fig・5 International comparison of resources productivity ofTMR hRp://publish.neau.edu.crl 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

・46・ Journal ofNortheast Agricultural University V l_l5 No.2 2008 Conclusions This study conducted a preliminary regional mate— References 1 Fisher-Kowalski M.Society’s metabolism,the intellectual history of material flow analysis,Part I,1860—1970[JJ.Journal of Industrial Ecology,1998,2(1):61—78. rial flow analysis for Chengyang distirct in Qingdao. Base on the framework proposed by Eurostat,the indicators such as DMI,TMR,DPO and TDO were calculated or estimated during the period of years 1 995 2 Tao z P Eco—rucksack and eco—footprint[M].BeOing:Economic Science Press,2003.(in Chinese) 3 Wernick I K,Ausubel J H.National material metrics for industrial to 2004.Through analysis of these indicators and de— rivable indicators,some valuable conclusions were drawnfromit. (1)DMI and TMR in absolute number increased 3.6 times and 3.9 times from 1995 to 2004.The main com— ponents of DM1 were fossil fuel nad minerals,approxi— mately accounting for 50.3%一76.3%of DMI.Imports increased about 5 times and the contribution to DMI arrived 7 1.5%in 2004 which revealed that economic growth of Chengyang district was highly dependent on resources from other regions.Due to hidden flows of material input derived from outside,it is helpful to protection of local ecological environment but causes high environmental pressure on other regions. (2)DPO and TDO in absolute number increased 1.8 times and 1.6 times.The share of DPO in TDO fluc— mated between 22.2%and 58.1%.The share of emis— sion of CO2 in DPO was above 90%,and waste de— posited in landfills approximately accounted ofr 47.4%一 9 1.8%of DPO excluding CO2. Emission to air,water and dissipative material reduced obviously,which was related with improvement of policy and technology. Affected by growth of construction materials exploita— tion,unused local extraction represents increasing 仃end. (3)The material productivity increased 57.7%from 1 995 to 2004.The trend indicates efifciency of re— sources utilization has improved obviously in recent ten years.Compared with developed countries and regions,material productiviyt in Chengyang distirct is low relatively. Therefore,in order to promote the sustainabiliyt,it is essential to develop circular economy and enhance the utilization efifciency of natura1 resources. E-mail:xuebaoenglish@neau.edu.cn ecology[JJ.Resource Policy,1995,2l(3):189—198. 4 Wernick I K,Ausubel J H.National materials flows and the environment【JJ.Annual Review ofEnergy nad Environment,1995, 20:463—492. 5 Chen X Q,Zhao T L Guo Y Q,et a1.Material input and output analysis of Chinese economy system[JJ.Acta Scientiarum Natura- lium Universitatis Pekinensis,2003,39(4):538—547.(in Chinese) 6 Marco O D,Lagioia G,Mazzacane E E Materials flow analysis of the Italian economy[JJ.Journal of Industrial Ecology,2001,4(2): 55—70. 7 Liu B,Wang S L,Wu Z X.Exploration on founding the index system of circular economy of China on the basis of material flow naalysis[JJ.China Population,Resources and Environment,2005, 15(4):32—36.(in Chinese) 8 Liu J Z,Wang Q,Gu X W,et a1.Direct material input and dematerialiazation analysis of Chinese economy[JJ.Resources Science,2005,27(1):46—5 1. 9 World Resources Institute.Resource flows:the material basis of industrial economies[M].Washington DC:World Resources Instiutte,1997. 10 World Resources Instiutte.The weight ofnations:material outlfows from industrial economies【M].Washington DC:World Resources Instiutte,2000. 11 Barrett J,Vallach H,Jones A,et a1.A material flow analysis and ecological footprint of York[M].York:Stockholm Environment Instiutte,2002. 12 Brunner P,Daxbeck H,Baccini Industrial metabolism at the regional and local level:a case—study in a Swiss region[M]//Ayres R U.Simonis U E.Industrial metabolism:restructuring for su— stainable development.Toky o:United Nations University Press, l994. 13 Hammer M,Giljum S,Bargigli S,et a1.Material flow analysis on the regional level:questions;problems,solutions[C].Hamburg: Hamburg Universiyt,2003. 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com ZHOU Zhenfeng et a1.Preliminary Research on Regional Material Flow Analysis:A Case Study of Chengyang Distirct in Qingdao ‘47 14 Hendrik C,Obernosterer R,Miler D,et a1.Material lfow analysis: 1 9 Lin X X.Preliminary study on material flow system and its a tool to support environmental policy decision making.Two cases establishmentin Talwan[D].Taiwan:Chung Yuan Christina Univer- studies on the city of Vienna and the Swiss lowlands[J】.Local sity,2002. Environment,2005:5(3):3 1 1-3 18. 20 Poldy F Foran B.Resource lfows:the material basis of the Austrian 1 5 IHOBE.Total material requirement of the Basque country[R] economy[C].Canberra:CSIRO,1999. Basque Country:IHOBE,2002. 2 1 Li G.Material flow analysis of nations based on sustainable 16 Mcevoy D,Ravetz J,Handley J.4 sight:resource flow audit for development[J]_ChinaIndustrialEconom ̄2004(11):11-18. sustainability.a framework strategy for the northwest,centre 22 Schandl H,Schulz N.Using material flow according to ope— ofr urban and regional ecology[C].Manchester:University of rationalize the concept of social’S metabolism:a preliminary Manchester,200 1. MFA for the United Kingdom for the period of 1937—1997[D]. 17 XuY J,ZhangTZ,ShiL,et aI.Materialflow analysisinGuiyang Colchester:University of Essex,2000. [J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Sci&Tech),2004,44(12): 23 Chen X Q,Qiao L J.Material lfow analysis of Chinese economic— 1688—1691,1699. environmental system[J】.Journal of Natrual Resources,2000, 1 8 Eurostat.Economy—wide material rlow accounts and derived in— 15(1):17—23. dicators:a methodolo cal guide[s].Luxembourg:Ofifce for 24 Gu X W,Wang Q.The Environmental stress:indicators and Official Publications ofthe European Communities,2001. application[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2005. http:Epublish.neau.edu.cn 

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