英语主格结构分析和练习
一、概念：
“主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“主格结构”。 二、功能：
“主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为主格结构。其实，虽然叫做主格结构，并不是真正的，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
三、形式：
主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词主格结构；—ed分词主格结构；无动词主格结构等。 四、举例：
1、There being nothing else to do, they go away. 由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词＋－ing; 表原因） 2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand. 王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随） 3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed. 老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词＋－ed; 表状态） 4、Class over, we began to play basketball.
放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词＋副词；表时间） 5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper. 没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（介词结构；表伴随）
6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.
最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。（名词＋不定式；表时间）
五、练习及讲解：
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\"手\"与分词\"绑\"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D. Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A. permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。 A new technique________ ,the yields as a whole increased by 20 pre cent． A）working out C）having been worked out
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B）having worked out D）to have been worked out 新技术推出后，总产量增加了２０％。（C ） The speech ______ a lively discussion started. A）being delivered B） was delivered
C）be delivered D） having been delivered
演讲完后，开始了热烈的讨论。(D）
______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
A）Other things being equal B）Were other things equal C）To be equal to other things D）Other things to be equal
在其它条件相同的情况下，表达好的人肯定要比语言能力差的人更快地取得成功。(A) All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off. A）considered B）be considered
C）considering D）having considered
考虑了方方面面之后，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消了。(A）
All flights ______ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A）had been canceled B）have been canceled C）were canceled D）having been canceled
因为风雪，所有航班都被取消，许多旅客别无它法，只得乘火车。 (D) 六、更多练习：
1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were 2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting 3._____, we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 5. ____, the bus started at once.
A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 7. ____, the leaves are turning green.
A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on 8. _____, I had to buy a new one.
A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost 9. I used to sleep with the window _____.
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A. opened B. open C. opening D to open
10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder
11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through
12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.
A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling 14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things considered
C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered 15. ______, we will surely succeed.
A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping 16.__________ ,he can't go out for a walk as usual. A.With so much work to do B.With so much work doing C.With so much work done D.Without so much work to do
17.It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth __________ and __________ .
A.closed; open B.closed;opened C.closing; open D.closing;opening
18.All things __________ ,the plan trip will have to be called off. A.be considered B.considered
C.considering D.having considering
19.__________ ,we have to get down to business right away. A.As there was no time left B.There is no time left C.There being no time left D.There to be no time left 20.__________ yesterday,we went out for a walk. A.As a fine day B.It was a fine day C.It being a fine day D.For it was a fine day
21.The old man stood there,__________ .
A.with back against the wall B.with his back against the wall C.with back against wall D.his back against wall
答案：
1-5 BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB 16-21 AABCCB
his eyes 3
