Trade: is the voluntary exchange of goods and services .
International trade : exchange of goods and services across national borders . Tariff : an excise tax imposed on imported goods .
Economic Globalization : a decoupling of space and time ,emphasizing that instantaneous communication , knowledge and culture can be shard around the world simultaneously . Culture serves as the wed that structures human thought , emotion and interaction .
Manchesterism : is a term designating the extreme form of the liberalist capitalism found
particularly in the firstly half of the 19th century , taking its name from the city of Manchester . (free trade policy)
Protectionism : is normally considered to cover all kinds of the government policies that favor domestic products over imported goods .
Franchising : is a form if licensing whereby the franchisee adopts the parent company’s entire business format : its name , trademark , business method , layout of premises etc.
Turnkey project : refers to a project in which a firm agrees to set up an operating plant for a foreign client and hand over the “key” when the plant is fully in operation .
Multinational corporation (MNCS): large companies that conduct their business operations several counties .
PEST: political force, economic force ,social force, technical force Major Forms of NTBs :
1.import quota (进口配额) [Absolutely quota 绝对配额Tariff quota 关税配额]2.“Voluntary” export restriction (VER,自动出口)3.Import license (进口许可证)4.Foreign exchange control (外汇管制)5.Administrative price fixing of import prices 6.Advance import deposits7.State monopoly of the channels for imports8.Discriminatory government procurement9.Decreed customs valuation10.Technical barriers to trade
Hofstede’s culture dimensions (霍夫斯泰德的文化维度):power distance , individualism/collectivism , masculinity/femininity , uncertainty avoidance
WTO基本原则: non- discrimination, free trade ,fair competition, special and differential treatment to developing countries, transparency .
Levels of economic integration : free trade, customs union ,,common market, economic union, political union ,complete economic union
Effects of Economic Integration : 1. static effects 1)trade creation 2)trade diversion3)other static effects a. term-of-trade effects b. product variety effects c. administrative saving d. greater bargaining power 2.dynamiceffects 1)growth/accumulation effects 2)location/geography effects
The Main Functions of International Intermediaries : 1.provide a broad range of useful information services 2.moitor trading partners
3.utilize a range of financing schemes 金融机制
Strategic plan : 1. mission (why we exist )2.vision (what we want to be )3.goals (what we must achieve to be successful ) 4. objectives (specific outcomes expressed in measurable terms ,not activities)5.initiatives(planned actions to achieve objectives )6.measues (indicators and monitors of success)7.target(desired level of performance and timelines) Countervailing duties反补贴税 actionable subsidy可申诉性补贴税 prohibited subsidy 禁止性补贴税 non-actionable subsidy不可申诉性补贴税
Anti-dumping duties (ADD, 反倾销税) import quota (进口配额) Absolutely quota (绝对配额) Tariff quota (关税配额) Country quota 国别配额 Global quota 全球配额
“Voluntary” export restriction (VER,自动出口)
Import license (进口许可证)
Foreign exchange control 外汇管制 Cross Border Supply 跨境交付
Movement of Natural Personnel 自然人流动 Consumption Abroad 境外消费 Commercial Presence 商业存在 persistent dumping长期倾销
predatory dumping（掠夺性倾销） sporadic dumping（偶然性倾销） exporting processing zone出口加工区 bonded area（保税区）
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty , NPT 核不扩散条约
export agents 出口代理
export commission agents 出口佣金代理 piggyback exporting 随带出口 intellectual property right 知识产权 customs territory 关境
bonded warehouse 保税仓库 entrepot trade 转口贸易
favorable balance of trade （trade surplus）贸易顺差
unfavorable balance of trade（trade deficit）贸易逆差
muti-dimensional 多方面的 meishi 商务名片
benefit country 给惠国 beneficiary country 受惠国 general duty 普通关税
constructed value 推定价值
foreign exchange control 外汇管制 tired loan 约束性贷款 customs union 关税同盟
preferential tariff arrangement 优惠关税安排 in/complete customs 不/完全关税
Not-Yet-Perfect-Customs Union 仍不完全的关税同盟
Monetary union 货币联盟 Protocol agreement 草案书
Market access modes 市场进入模式 Logistics cost 物流成本
International intermediaries 国际中间商 Barter and counter-trade 易货和互抵贸易
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 国民生产总值
SITC (standard international trade classification) 《国际贸易标准分类》 ACP (Africa，Caribbean and Pacific) 非洲、加勒比及北太平洋地区 GSP （general system of preference）普惠制 MFN （most favored nation） 最惠国
TBT (technical barriers to trade ) 技术性贸易壁垒 VAT (value added tax)
VRE (“Voluntary” export restriction) 自动出口
GATT (general agreement on tariff and trade ) 关税与贸易总协定 CET （common external tariff）共同对外关税
NAFTA （the north American free trade area ）北美自由贸易区 FTAA （free trade area of the American ）美洲自由贸易区 APEC 亚太经合组织
ASEAN （association of southeast Asian nationals）东盟
ECOWAS (economic community of west African states )西非共同体
AU （African Union）非洲联盟EMCs (export management companies)出口管理公司 OAU （organization of African Union）非洲统一组织
