定语从句

1.定义:在复合句中用来修饰名词或代词(这个名词或代词在英语中叫先行词)的从句叫定语从句.

2.定语从句常见的引导词是:that, which who, whom, whose, when, where, why及as九个

3.三要素：定语从句必须从 ①先行词 ②成份 ③引导词 三要素着手

4.引导词在定语从句作宾语时可以省略

5. what不能引导定语从句

6.当第一要素\"先行词\"是指代物的名词或代词时,其后的定语从句的引导词用that 或which在定语从句中作主语或宾语

e.g. A plane is a machine (that / which can fly.) The noodles (that / which I cooked )were delicious. 7.当第一要素先行词是指代人的名词或代词时,用that 或 who在定语从句中作主语,用that /who/whom 在定语从句中代替宾语

e.g. The foreigner( that/who visited our school yesterday) is from Canada.

The girl (that/who/whom you saw yesterday) is Jim's sister.

8.只有引导词which ,whom才可在定语从句中直接跟在某一介词的后面作宾语.

e.g. The athlete( to whom you talked) is a famous runner. This is the room( in which he lived 3 years ago.) (其中in which 可以用where换)

★但介词也可留在原词组中,上句也可如下表示:

The athlete (that/who/whom you talked to )is a famous runner. This is a room (that/which he lived in 3 years ago.)

★注:常见的不可分拆的词组有:take care of , look after, look for, catch up with, keep up with，look out for ,

catch sight of

9.当第一要素先行词是指人或物的名词或代词,在定语从句中修饰别的名词时都用whose 来代替人或物,意为\"他(们)的,或它(们)的\"在从句中作定语.

e.g. This is a door (whose color is brown).

Harry is the boy( whose mother is our maths teacher.) Harry is the boy, the mother of whom is our maths teacher .

The child was saved by a man ,the name of whom/whose name was unknown.

There are 54 students in our class, 25 of whom are girls

注意以下句子: (多样化例句)

The beggar has no money with which he can buy food . The beggar has no money which /that he can buy food with . The beggar has no money with which to buy food.( 引导词后直接跟了不定式短语)The beggar has no money to buy food with

★在有些定语从句中常只能用that引导定语从句,而不能用who/whom/which与它互换.

（1）.当第一要素先行词中既有人又有物时

e.g. I still remember the school and the teachers (that he mentioned yesterday.)

(2).当第一要素先行词是指物的不定代词 如anything , all , everything, much, something.

e.g. All (that /can be done) has been done(能做的一切都做了)

I can do all (that )/what I can║ to help you. that可省因为它在定语从句中作宾语

Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be /Jack is no longer what he used to be . Shanghai is no longer what it used to be

/Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. . (3).当第一要素先行词中带有the only, the very 修饰物时 e.g. He was the only person( that knew about the secret.) (4). 当第一要素先行词中有序数词或形容词的最高级时 e.g. This is the first book〔 (that) I have bought.〕 This is the best film (that )I have ever seen (5). 以疑问词who, which 开头的疑问句为避免重复 Who is the boy( that is talking to our headmaster ) Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this

一般只能用who的搭配anyone who , he who, anybody who, Anyone who /He who /Whoever doesn't reach the great wall is not a true man.

★ 注意下句的先行词和主句的谓语单复数

He is the only one of the teachers who /that knows French in our school.

He is one of the teachers who/that know French in our school.

10.当第一要素先行词是指时间的名词时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用when,在定语从句中作时间状语.

e.g. I still remember the day ( when I first came to Beijing.)

11.当第一要素先行词是指地点的名词时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用where在定语从句中作地点状语.

e.g. The factory (where his father works )is in the west of the city.

12.当第一要素先行词是reason 时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用why (the reason why) 在定语从句中作原因状语. e.g. There are several reasons( why we can't do that). ★但并非看到先行词是指时间或地点的名词及reason 时,就马上用引导词when ,where or why ,要看在定语从句中缺少了什么成份,如果第一要素\"先行词\"的确是时间或地点的名词及reason,就立刻分析第二要素\"成份\如果定语从句中缺少了成份主语或宾语,这时只能把先行词第一要素时间或地点的名词及reason,看作指物的名词,然后选择第三要素\"引导词\"用that/which e.g. I still remember the day (that/which we spent (度过) together ) last summer.

The factory (that / which we visited last week) is my father's.

The reason (that /which was given by him) was right.

★还要注意 The reason is that „„„是表语从句

eg. The reason is that he has difficulty in learning English . The reason (why he is late for school) is that he missed the early train.

★★以上所举例子全部为性定语从句,主从句之间无逗号分开,因此,如果主从句之间有逗号隔开,后面的从句即被称为非性定语从句.引导词that永远不会出现在非性定语从句中. e.g. Dinner starts with a small fish, which (不用that) is called a starter .

Yesterday I met LiPing , who(不用that) look very tired. ☆引导词As 引导的定语从句常在such „as, the same „as , as„as结构中 ,as在定语从句作主语或宾语.

Such a boy (as you referred to just now) is too curious. I have the same reference book ( as was described in the lecture .)

I have as many books〔 as you (have) 〕 区别下列两组句子.

This is the same book( as he bought yesterday .) ( 同一种书)

This is the same book( that he bought yesterday.)( 同一本书)

He is such a lovely boy as we all like. (定语从句中作like

的 宾语)

He is such a lovely boy that we all like him.( 结果状语从句

★ As 也可以引导非性定语从句. 但要区别which引导非性定语从句.

1.As 引导非性定语从句,可以放在句首,或句中, 谓语常是 expect, know, hope , realize ,see, understand

Eg. He stands out of the crowd in music, as everybody can see.

= As everybody can see, he stands out of the crowd in music 2. As 引导非性定语从句,不用于否定句.而which可以. Eg. He took the first place, which we didn't expect. which引导非性定语从句只能放在句中,且主从句之间常有因果关系.

Eg. You saved my life, which I will never forget. ★注意先行词way ,time后的定语从句

当先行词是way意为\"方式, 方法\"时,引导定语从句的关系词有三种形式.

What surprised me was not what he said but the way in which/that / 不填 he said it.

注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同,试比较

The way in which/that /不填 he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解.

The way ( that /which /不填 ) (he explained ∧to us was quite simple.(作explained的宾语) 他向我们解释的那种方法很简单.

★先行词是time时,若time 是\"次数\"时, 应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作\"一段时间\"讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句.如:

This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country.(表示第几次时,必须用完成时)

I could hardly remember how many times (that) I've failed. This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.

★在下列一些固定结构中,用as不用which:

As we (all) know, as is well known, (众所周知)as we (all) can see, as you say,

as is said/mentioned above, as you may have heard, as you may remember,

as is often the case,(情况经常如此) as often happens 等.

★如何区别定语从句和强调句

1. 强调句型 It is +被强调部分(人)that/who+其他„„ 强调句型 It is +被强调部分(物)that „+其他

当强调名词时,注意勿与定语从句混淆.如

★It was in the company that my father worked in for ten years.(定语从句)

that /which my father worked for ten years.(强调句) It /this is the first time that I have visited Scotland. (定语从句)

It was for the first time that I visited Scotland. (强调句)

这些定语从句中,that在从句部分担当成分.如果去掉it is „.that „.,句子结构就不完整了.而在强调句中,如果去掉it is „.that/who „这个架子.,只需要把语序稍加调整,句子结构仍是完整的.

1. A football fan（球迷） is _____ has a strong interest in football.

A. a thing that B. something that C. a person who D. what

2. The house， _____ was destroyed in the terrible fire， has been repaired.

A. the roof of which B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof

3. Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day？ A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about

4. The matter _____ you were arguing about last night has been settled.

A. that B. what C. why D. for which

5. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. who D. whom

6. Who _____ has common sense（常识） will do such a thing？

A. which B. who C. whom D. that

7. All the apples _____ fell down were eaten by the pigs.

A. that B. those C. which D. what

8. They asked him to tell them everything _____ he saw at the front.

A. what B. that C. which D. where 9. I’ll tell you _____ he told me last night. A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all

10. A child _____ parents are dead is called an orphan. A. who B. who’s C. whose D. which

11. Is this the museum _____ you visited the other day？

A. that B. where C. in which D. the one

12. Is this museum _____ some German friends visited last Wednesday？

A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 13. -How do you like the book？

-It’s quite different from _____ I read last month. A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 14. Which sentence is wrong？

A. The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth.

B. Do you know the boy who jumped onto the platform？

C. Science and new technology have made it possible for farmers to produce more food on the same amount of land.

D. People in ancient times took it for granted that the sun moved round the earth.

15. The train _____ she was traveling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that

16. He has lost the key to the drawer _____ the papers are kept.

A. where B. on which C. under which D. which 17. Antarctic _____ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.

A. which B. where C. that D. about which 18. It’s the third time _____ late this month.

A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that you’ve arrived D.when you’ve arrived

19. He often helps the students _____ he thinks are not quick at their studies.

A. whom B. who C. when D. because

20. The Second World War _____ millions of people were killed ended in 1945.

A. when B. during that C. in which D. which

since的四种用法

1）since+过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,last month,half past six）。例如：

I have been here since 19.19起，我一直在这儿。 2）since+一段时间+ago。例如：

I have been here since five months ago.我在这儿，已经有五个月了。

3）since+从句。例如：

Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后，变化可大了。

Great changes have taken place since we were here.我们走后，变化可大了。

4）It is+一段时间+since从句。例如：

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有两年了。 比较since和for

Since用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：

I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。

I have lived here since I was born.我从出生起就住在这儿了。

注意：并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years.（我现在已不在这里工作。）

I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）

注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。

1）（对）Tom has studied Russian for three years.=Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now.

2）（错）Harry has got married for six years.=Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.

显然，第二句不对，它应改为Harry got married six years ago.或Harry has been married for six years. Used to/be used to

Used to+do：\"过去常常\"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：

Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。

Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫过去常常散步。 Be used to+doing：对„„已感到习惯，或\"习惯于\"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：

Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题

----Your phone number again?I___quite catch it. ----It's69568442.

A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't

答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。 It的用法

1、It除了代替人和物以外，还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句)则放于谓语或表语之后。

例如：It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.

然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是：无助(no help)、无用(no use)、没好处(no good)；工作(hard work)、费时(a waste of time)、又危险(a danger)。

例如：A、It is no use crying over spilt milk. B、It is a waste of time waiting for him．

2、It还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语：2f2tcjm(find，feel,think,take,consider，judge, make)。

例如：A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject．

B、I think it no use arguing with him.

3、It用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、 状语)，可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是：It is(was)+ 被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分。

例如：A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English—(强调主语)

B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.—(强调状语) C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory．(同上)

但要注意与定语从句的区别。

例如：D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory．(定语从句)

在强调句式里，我们把强调结构It is(was)„that除去，句子还很完整。如例句C。而例句D就不能。

一、must的用法

1）表示主观的义务和必要, 主要用于肯定句和疑问句, 意思为 “必须„„，得„„，要„„”；由must引起的疑问句，肯定回答要用

must或have to, 否定回答要用needn’t或don’t have to, 意思是“不必”；must的否定形式mustn’t表示禁止，意思是“不能，不许”。如：

We must find a good method to learn computer well. 我们必须找一个学好电脑的方法。 —Must I finish the task right now? 我现在必须完成这个工作吗？

—Yes, you must. / Yes, you have to. 是的。

(—No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. 不，不必。)

You mustn’t come here without permission. 未经允许，你不能来这儿。 2）表示肯定的猜测，常用于肯定句中，意思为 “一定是, 必然„„”。 注意must表示推断或猜测的几种情况:

Your sister must be a doctor in this hospital. （现在的猜测） 你姐姐一定是这家医院的医生。

He must be reading newspapers in the reading room now. （正在进行的猜测） 他此刻一定正在阅览室读报。

It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. （过去的猜测） 昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面上是湿的。 二、have to / have got to 的用法

1）must表示一种主观的需要，而have to 表示一种客观的需要，意思是“不得不”。 如：

I have to attend an important meeting this afternoon. 今天下午我不得不参加一个重要的会议。 Mother is out, so I have to look after the shop. 妈妈不在家，因此我不得不照看商店。

2）have to 的否定形式是don’t have to, 相当于needn’t。如： They don’t have to buy a computer at present. 他们目前没有必要买电脑。

3）have to 与have got to 常可以互换。 三、巩固练习：

从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. Mike, you ______ play with fire. You______ burn yourself. A. won’t; can’t B. mustn’t; may

C. don’t have to; must D. have got to; shouldn’t

2. You ______ see the doctor, Joe. You don’t look very well. A. must B. shall C. may D. can

3. —Must I clean the window now? —No, you ______. A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. may not

4. Jack’s ill, so they ______ change their plans. A. must B. should

C. have got to D. ought to

5. Harry has been reading all day —he ______ be tired. A. should B. has got to C. has to D. must Key 1: 1-5 BABCD